tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4201671265360753362023-10-25T17:29:16.824+05:30Funny English For YouJIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.comBlogger251125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-89752565173041291852010-08-10T17:42:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:43:04.280+05:30may (WISH)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used to introduce a wish or a hope</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">May you have a long and fruitful marriage.</span>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-32045810608215782462010-08-10T17:41:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:42:30.621+05:30may (PERMISSION)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used to ask or give permission</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">A reader may borrow up to six books at any one time.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">"May I help myself to some more food?" "Yes, of course."</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Hi, my name's Tiffany. How may I help you?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> Compare might (PERMISSION)</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: times new roman;">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Hello, may I speak to Ken Griffey senior, please?<br /><br />"Higgins, you may go now." "Very good, sir."<br /><br />Now a round of quick-fire questions - the first person to press their buzzer may answer.<br /><br />Ask your teacher if you may sit at the front of the class until your glasses are repaired.<br /><br />Excuse me - is this someone's seat, or may I sit here?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-29255654206276574492010-08-10T17:37:00.001+05:302010-08-10T17:41:25.856+05:30may (POSSIBILITY)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used to express possibility</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">There may be other problems that we don't know about.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I may see you tomorrow before I leave.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The cause of the accident may never be discovered.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The explosion may have been caused by a faulty electrical connection.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">We'd better not interfere - she may not like it.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">There may be some evidence to suggest she's guilty, but it's hardly conclusive.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> Compare might (POSSIBILITY)</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">If used on delicate skin, this cream may produce a stinging sensation.<br /><br />People who suffer a stroke may experience a loss of speech.<br /><br />This afternoon we may see some wintry showers over higher ground.<br /><br />We may have to sell the house, but I hope it won't come to that.<br /><br />I worry about the destructive effect that violent films may have on children.</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Usage Notes<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr><td class="titl"><b>can, could </b>or<b> may?</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="text"><b style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can</b><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> is used in standard spoken English when asking for permission. </span><b style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Could</b><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> is slightly more formal. Both of these are acceptable in most forms of written English, although in very formal writing, such as official instructions, </span><b style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">may</b><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> is usually used instead.</span><br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><td class="eg">Persons under 14 unaccompanied by an adult may not enter.</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br /><br />COMMON LERNER ERROR</span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="titl">may be or maybe?</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="text">May be is written as two separate words when may is used as a modal verb and be is used as a verb.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="eg">I may be late this evening.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="xeg"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">I maybe late this evening.</span> (wrong)<br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="text">Maybe is an adverb, and is written as one word.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="eg">Maybe we should do it tomorrow.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><td class="xeg">May be we should do it tomorrow. (wrong)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span></div><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-45898754078383035302010-08-10T17:35:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:36:00.128+05:30could (SUGGEST)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used for making a suggestion</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">We could go for a drink after work tomorrow, if you like.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You could always call Susie and see if she might babysit.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You could offer to buy her a new one.<br /><br />Could you get a bigger house?<br /><br />We could try mending it with glue.<br /><br />I could look after Toby for you.<br /><br />We could have lunch one day.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-91741677355946765812010-08-10T17:34:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:35:00.900+05:30could (POSSIBILITY)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used to express possibility, especially slight or uncertain possibility</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">A lot of crime could be prevented.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">She could arrive anytime now.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">This new drug could be an important step in the fight against cancer.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Be careful with that stick - it could have gone in my eye!</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Passengers could face long delays.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The temperature could fall below zero overnight.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You could be the Queen of England, for all I care - you're not coming in here without a ticket.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Anything could happen in the next half hour.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">It is not inconceivable that she could be lying.</span><br /></div></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-63196756467847070972010-08-10T17:33:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:34:02.104+05:30could (REQUEST)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used as a more polite form of 'can' when asking someone to provide something or do something</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Could you lend me £5?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Could you possibly turn that music down a little, please?</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Please could you explain why you're so late.<br /><br />I'm frozen - could you close the window?<br /><br />I've got rather a full week next week - could we postpone our meeting?<br /><br />If you could get that report finished by Thursday I'd be very grateful.<br /><br />Ben, could you hand round the biscuits?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-38906071851418072252010-08-10T17:31:00.000+05:302010-08-10T17:32:38.110+05:30COULD (PERMISSION)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">used as a more polite form of 'can' when asking for permission</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Could I speak to Mr Davis, please?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Excuse me, could I just say something?</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Could I borrow your pen?<br /><br />Could we see her now, please?<br /><br />Could I have some more pudding?<br /><br />Could I use your bathroom, please?<br /><br />Could I leave the children with you this morning?</span><br /></div></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-63445686142269966122010-08-10T17:22:00.002+05:302010-08-10T17:31:23.830+05:30COULD (CAN)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Past simple of can, used to talk about what someone or something was able or allowed to do</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">It was so noisy that we couldn't hear ourselves speak.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You said we could watch television when we've finished our homework.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">We asked if the computer could access the Internet.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">She walked off before I could say anything.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I could never have achieved this without the encouragement of my husband and family.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I could see by the look on their faces that something was wrong.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I wish I could find (the) time to do more reading.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Even when you win a match you always feel you could have played better.</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Usage Notes<br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr style="font-family: times new roman;"><td class="titl"><b>can, could </b>or<b> may?</b></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="text">Can is used in standard spoken English when asking for permission. Could is slightly more formal. Both of these are acceptable in most forms of written English, although in very formal writing, such as official instructions, may is usually used instead.</td></tr> <tr><td class="eg"><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Persons under 14 unaccompanied by an adult may not enter.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span></div></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-40690776766384400802010-08-10T17:05:00.001+05:302010-08-10T17:21:52.679+05:30CAN (OFFER)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Used in polite offers of help</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can I help you with those bags?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I'm afraid Ms Ferguson has already left the office. Can I be of any help?</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Is there anything I can do to help?<br /><br />You can go instead of me, if you want.<br /><br />You look lost - can I help you?<br /><br />What a lot of bags! Can I carry something for you?<br /><br />"If you like I can do some shopping for you." "That's a very kind offer."</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-32729173813720466402010-08-10T16:40:00.002+05:302010-08-10T17:00:11.988+05:30CAN (POSSIBILITY)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Used to express possibility</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You can get stamps from the local newsagents.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You can get very nasty skin diseases from bathing in dirty water.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Smoking can cause cancer.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Noise can be quite a problem when you're living in a flat.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">He can be really annoying at times (= He is sometimes very annoying).</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Couples who are childless can feel excluded from the rest of society.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Children can choke on peanuts.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Clearance of a cheque can take up to a week.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You can get travel concessions if you are under 26.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Not making a will can have serious consequences for the people you might wish to benefit.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-17975258602468306892010-08-10T16:34:00.001+05:302010-08-10T16:39:15.419+05:30CAN (REQUEST)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Used to request something</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">If you see Adrian, can you tell him I'm in London next weekend?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can you make a little less noise, please? I'm trying to work.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />I can't get the cork out of the bottle - can you try?<br /><br />Excuse me, can I just get past?<br /><br />It's freezing in here - can I close the window?<br /><br />Please can I have a go on your bike?<br /><br />Andrew, can you help me install this software?<br /></span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-77052217867021461202010-08-09T23:58:00.002+05:302010-08-10T16:34:40.254+05:30CAN (PERMISSION)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">T be allowed to</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can I use your bike, John?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You can park over there.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You can have a piece of cake after you've eaten your vegetables!</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">If you finish early you can go home.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">She can come whenever she likes, as far as I'm concerned.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Finish up your dinner and you can have dessert.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">How early can you get off this afternoon?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Anyone can go - you don't have to be invited.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Usage Notes<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="titl">can, could or may?</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><td class="text">Can is used in standard spoken English when asking for permission. Could is slightly more formal. Both of these are acceptable in most forms of written English, although in very formal writing, such as official instructions, may is usually used instead.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"><td class="eg"><br /><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">P<span style="font-style: italic;">ersons under 14 unaccompanied by an adult may not enter.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span></div></div>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-70054313477319365852010-08-09T19:04:00.002+05:302010-08-09T19:13:25.763+05:30CAN (ABILITY)<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">To be able to</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can you drive?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">She can speak four languages.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Can you read that sign from this distance?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The doctors are doing all that they can, but she's still not breathing properly.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Do the best you can - I realize the circumstances are not ideal.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">If the party is awful, we can always leave (= that would be one possible solution to our problem).</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">"She's really furious about it." "Can you blame her (= I'm not surprised)?"</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">EXTRA EXAMPLES</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I don't know how he can afford a new car on his salary.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Cats can see in the dark.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The water's not deep here - look, I can touch the bottom.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">I doubt whether I can finish the work on time.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">Computers can perform millions of calculations every second.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">COMMON LERNER ERROR</span><br /></div><br /><table style="color: black; background-color: white;" width="300" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="titl">can/could or be able to?</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="text">Be able to means the same as can, but it is used in different kinds of sentences. Be able to is used after modal and auxiliary verbs, for example when you use the verb will in order to talk about the future.<br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="eg">I'm afraid I won't be able to come to your party.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" align="center"><td class="xeg"><span style="font-weight: bold;">I'm afraid I won't can come to your party. (wrong)</span><br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="text">When you form the simple past with could it refers to a general ability.<br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="eg">I could swim before I was three.</td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="text">When you form the simple past with was/were able to it refers to something<br />you managed to do on a particular occasion.<br /><br /></td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" align="center"><td class="eg">A man was able to swim out to the girl and save her.</td></tr></tbody></table>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-28516733352830415652010-08-09T18:58:00.001+05:302010-08-09T19:00:10.679+05:30The modal verbs<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The modal verbs are:-<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: times new roman;" href="http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm#Can" onmouseover="self.status='Example';return true" onmouseout="self.status=' ';return true"></a><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD </span><br /><br /> <center> <table width="100%" bgcolor="#c0c0c0" border="1" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="middle" width="14%" height="34"><center> <b>Modal</b> </center></td> <td valign="middle" width="56%" height="34"><center> <b>Example</b> </center></td> <td valign="middle" width="30%" height="34"><center> <b>Uses</b> </center></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Can" id="Can"></a><b>Can</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">They can control their own budgets. <p>We can’t fix it. </p> <p>Can I smoke here? </p> <p>Can you help me? </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%">Ability / Possibility <p>Inability / Impossibility </p> <p>Asking for permission </p> <p>Request </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Could" id="Could"></a><b>Could</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">Could I borrow your dictionary? <p>Could you say it again more slowly? </p> <p>We could try to fix it ourselves. </p> <p>I think we could have another Gulf War. </p> <p>He gave up his old job so he could work for us. </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%">Asking for permission. <p>Request </p> <p>Suggestion </p> <p>Future possibility </p> <p>Ability in the past </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="May" id="May"></a><b>May</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">May I have another cup of coffee? <p>China may become a major economic power. </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%"> Asking for permission <p>Future possibility </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Might" id="Might"></a><b>Might</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%"><p>We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. </p> <p>They might give us a 10% discount.</p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%"> <p>Present possibility</p> <p>Future possibility</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Must" id="Must"></a><b>Must</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">We must say good-bye now. <p>They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary. </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%"> Necessity / Obligation <p>Prohibition </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Ought to" id="Ought to"></a><b>Ought to</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">We ought to employ a professional writer.</td> <td valign="top" width="30%">Saying what’s right or correct</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Shall" id="Shall"></a><b>Shall</b> <center> <b>(More common in the UK than the US)</b> </center></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">Shall I help you with your luggage? <p>Shall we say 2.30 then? </p> <p>Shall I do that or will you? </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%">Offer <p>Suggestion </p> <p>Asking what to do </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Should" id="Should"></a><b>Should</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">We should sort out this problem at once. <p>I think we should check everything again. </p> <p>Profits should increase next year. </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%">Saying what’s right or correct <p>Recommending action </p> <p>Uncertain prediction </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Will" id="Will"></a><b>Will</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. <p>I'll do that for you if you like. </p> <p>I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. </p> <p>Profits will increase next year. </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%"> Instant decisions <p>Offer </p> <p>Promise </p> <p>Certain prediction </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="14%" align="center"><a name="Would" id="Would"></a><b>Would</b></td> <td valign="top" width="56%">Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? <p>Would you pass the salt please? </p> <p>Would you mind waiting a moment? </p> <p>"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." </p> <p>Would you like to play golf this Friday? </p> <p>"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please." </p></td> <td valign="top" width="30%"> Asking for permission <p>Request </p> <p>Request </p> <p>Making arrangements </p> <p>Invitation </p> <p>Preferences </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="title">!Note </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The modal auxiliary verbs are </span><strong style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">always </strong><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">followed by the base form. </span>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-90864704824623706842010-08-09T17:58:00.000+05:302010-08-09T17:59:42.543+05:30Nouns and Articles<b>Nouns</b> are words that are <b>names</b> of people, places, things, concepts,…. In sentences, nouns are subjects of verbs, objects of verbs, subject complements, and objects of prepositions. Nouns are often preceded by <b>determiners</b> (see <b>det</b> in <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31"></a>Correction Symbols Two). The <b>articles</b> (a, an, the) are important determiners.<p> Note the noun <b>teacher</b> in the following sentences:</p><p> <b>The teacher</b> is talking to the class. (subject of verb)</p><p> The students are watching <b>the teacher</b>. (object of verb)</p><p> John is <b>a teacher</b>. (subject complement)</p><p> George gave his essay to <b>the teacher</b>. (object of preposition) </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>A. There are two types of nouns</b>.</p><p> <b>1. Proper</b> nouns include names of <i>particular</i> people, countries, states, cities, schools, rivers, lakes, mountains, oceans, languages, months, days,…. They always begin with <b>capital letters</b>. Here are some examples: </p><p> </p><blockquote><b>John Fleming</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>English</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>De Anza College</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>Cupertino</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>California</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>United States</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>Tuesday</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>July</b></blockquote><p> <b>2.</b> All others are <b>common</b> nouns. Here are some examples:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>man</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>language</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>school</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>city</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>state</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>country</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>day</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>month</b></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. There are two types of common nouns</b>.</p><p> <b>1. Count nouns</b> have <b>plural</b> forms. Most count nouns have both singular and plural forms, but a few have plural forms only:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>people</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>police</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>clothes</b></blockquote><p> <b>2. Noncount</b> nouns have <b>singular</b> forms only:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>advice</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>furniture</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>information</b></blockquote><p> <b>3.</b> Note that <b>many noncount nouns are often used as count nouns</b>. This is especially true of nouns that refer to things we eat and drink:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>coffee</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>food</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>fruit</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>meat</b></blockquote><p> When a noncount noun is used as a plural count noun, it usually means one of the following:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a. Containers</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><u>two coffees</u>, for example, can mean two <b>cups</b> of coffee</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b. Kinds</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><u>several fruits</u>, for example, can mean several <b>kinds</b> of fruit</blockquote><p> <b>4.</b> Here are some common <b>noncount nouns</b>:</p><p> <b>FOOD, DRINKS: </b><br />beer, bread, butter, cereal, cheese, coffee, corn, cream, flour, food, fruit, honey, ice cream, juice, margarine, meat, milk, pasta, pepper, rice, salt, spaghetti, sugar, tea, vinegar, water, wheat<br /><b>ABSTRACT NOUNS, EMOTIONS: </b><br />advice, beauty, behavior, crime, equality, experience, freedom, fun, happiness, hate, health, help, homework, honesty, ignorance, information, insanity, insurance, love, news, patience, peace, permission, progress, unemployment, work<br /><b>LANGUAGES, FIELDS OF STUDY: </b><br />accounting, biology, Chinese, engineering, English, geography, history, Indonesian, linguistics, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, physics, psychology, Russian, Spanish, Turkish<br /><b>CATEGORIES: </b><br />baggage, cloth, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, homework, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, money, stuff, transportation, trash<br /><b>WEATHER, NATURAL PHENOMENA: </b><br />cold, darkness, electricity, fire, fog, hail, heat, humidity, ice, lightning, rain, sleet, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind<br /><b>SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES, POWDERS, GRAINS, CLOTH: </b><br />air, beer, blood, cereal, chalk, coal, copper, corn, cotton, cream, detergent, dust, flour, fog, gasoline, glass, honey, hydrogen, ice, iron, juice, leather, lotion, milk, nylon, oil, oxygen, pepper, pollution , polyester, rice, rope, salt, shampoo, silk, smog, smoke, soap, steam, string, sugar, thread, vinegar, water, wheat, wine, wood, wool<br /></p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. Nouns can have three kinds of meaning</b>.</p><p> <b>1. Definite</b>. A noun is definite when the writer and reader share information about the noun. <b>Nouns can be definite for the following reasons</b>:</p><p> The noun has been <b>mentioned before</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b><u>An old man</u> lived in <u>a big house</u>. <u>The old man</u> had three grandchildren who came to <u>the big house</u> every Saturday morning. </b></blockquote><p> A noun can be followed by a <b>phrase</b> or <b>clause</b> that makes it definite:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>the president <u>of De Anza College</u></b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the book <u>that I bought yesterday</u></b></blockquote><p> The noun refers to something <b>unique</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>the sun</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the moon</b></blockquote><p> The noun is definite because of its <b>setting</b>. In a classroom, for example, everyone will understand the same meaning for these nouns:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>the blackboard</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the teacher</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the clock</b></blockquote><p> Nouns can be definite for <b>members of groups</b>. A group of classmates will understand the same meaning for the following nouns:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>the teacher</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the exam</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the textbook</b></blockquote><p> The noun phrase includes a <b>superlative</b> or <b>ordinal number</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>the <u>slowest</u> writer</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the <u>most difficult</u> assignment</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>the <u>first</u> page</b></blockquote><p> <b>2. Indefinite</b>. A noun is indefinite when the writer and reader don’t share information about the noun.</p><p> <b>3. Generic</b>. A noun is generic when it represents a whole class (not an individual or individuals). Generic meaning can be expressed in different ways (in <b>D. </b> below, the three sentences in which the noun <b>bicycle</b> is used generically all have the <b>same</b> meaning). </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>D. Uses of a, an, the, and no article</b></p><p> <b>1.</b> The definite article <b>the</b> is used with:</p><p> A <i>few </i><b>proper nouns</b> (names of canals, deserts, forests, oceans, rivers, seas; plural names of islands, lakes, and mountains; a <i>few</i> countries;… )</p><p> </p><blockquote><u>The Mississippi River</u> is the longest in <u>the United States</u>.</blockquote><p> <b>Singular or plural count nouns (definite) </b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>The old man</u> in the big house loved to see <u>the children</u> who came to visit. </blockquote><p> <b>Noncount nouns (definite) </b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>The coffee</u> that I had this morning was not very good. </blockquote><p> <b>Singular count nouns (generic) </b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>The bicycle</u> is excellent transportation. </blockquote><p> <b>2.</b> The indefinite articles <b>a</b> and <b>an</b> are used with:</p><p> <b>Singular count nouns (indefinite)</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>A man</u> is sitting on the bench at the bus stop. </blockquote><p> <b>Singular count nouns (generic)</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>A bicycle</u> is excellent transportation. </blockquote><p> <b>3. No Article</b> (and no other determiner) is used with:</p><p> <b>Most proper nouns (definite)</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>George</u> and <u>Fred</u> both speak <u>English</u>.</blockquote><p> <b>Plural count nouns (generic) </b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>Bicycles</u> are excellent transportation. </blockquote><p> <b>Noncount nouns (generic) </b></p><p> </p><blockquote><u>Coffee</u> is served in nearly all restaurants. </blockquote><p> <b>Plural count nouns (indefinite)</b></p><p> </p><blockquote>I talk to <u>students</u> every day.</blockquote> <p> <b>Noncount nouns (indefinite)</b></p><p> </p><blockquote>I need <u>information</u>.</blockquote>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-91799233853638971882010-08-09T17:57:00.000+05:302010-08-09T17:58:23.345+05:30Passive Sentences<b>Passive voice verbs</b> are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences. However, passives are very common in all types of scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active sentences. You should <i>not </i>use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason. <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>A. Relationship between active and passive: </b></p><p> <b>1.</b> The <b>object</b> of the active verb is the <b>subject</b> of the passive verb (“English” in the example sentences below). Therefore, verbs which <i>cannot </i>be followed by objects (<b>intransitive verbs</b>) <i>cannot </i> be used in passive voice. </p><p> These are some common intransitive verbs: <b>appear, arrive, come, cry, die, go, happen, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk</b>. These verbs <i>cannot </i> be used in passive voice.</p><p> <b>2. </b> The passive verb always contains a form of the auxiliary verb <b>be</b>. The form of <b>be</b> in the passive verb phrase corresponds to the form of the <b>main verb</b> in the active verb phrase (see the <u>underlined</u> words in the example sentences below). That is, if the active main verb is simple present tense, then a simple present tense form of <b>be</b> is used in the passive verb phrase; if the active main verb is <b>-ING</b>, then the <b>-ING</b> form of <b>be</b> is used in the passive verb phrase; and so on.</p><p> <b>3. </b> The main verb in a passive predicate verb phrase is always the <b>participle</b> form of the verb.</p><p> <b>4. </b> Some <b>examples</b> of active and passive sentences:</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b><u>speak</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b><u>is</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b><u>spoke</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b><u>was</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>will <u>speak</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>will <u>be</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>are going to <u>speak</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>is going to <u>be</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>are <u>speaking</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>is <u>being</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>were <u>speaking</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>was <u>being</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>have <u>spoken</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>has <u>been</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>had <u>spoken</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>had <u>been</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>will have <u>spoken</u></b> English.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>will have <u>been</u> spoken</b>.</p><p> <b>5. Perfect progressive</b> verb forms are generally used in <b>active voice only</b>. That is, these are <b>good English sentences</b>:</p><p> ACTIVE: They <b>have been speaking</b> English.<br />ACTIVE: They <b>had been speaking</b> English.<br />ACTIVE: They <b>will have been speaking</b> English.</p><p> But sentences like these are <b>rarely used</b>:</p><p> PASSIVE: English <b>has been being spoken</b>.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>had been being spoken</b>.<br />PASSIVE: English <b>will have been being spoken</b>.<br /></p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. Most passive sentences do not contain an agent; all active sentences contain an agent. </b></p><p> <b>1. </b> An <b>agent</b> is the subject of the active verb. In the example sentences above, the agent is “they” in all the active sentences; the passive sentences do not contain an agent.</p><p> <b>2. </b> When a passive sentence contains an agent, it is in a prepositional phrase following the verb. For example:</p><p> English is spoken <b>by them</b>.</p><p> In the following sentences, the noun <b> “teachers” is the agent in both sentences</b>. “Teachers” is also the subject of the <i>active</i> verb, but “exams” is the subject of the <i>passive</i> verb.</p><p> ACTIVE: <b><u>Teachers</u></b> prepare exams.</p><p> PASSIVE: Exams are prepared <b><u>by teachers</u></b>. </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. You should <i>not </i>use passive voice unless you have a good reason. </b></p><p> Here are some good reasons for using passive voice:</p><p> <b>1. </b> Passive voice is often used when the <b>agent</b> (the doer of an action; the subject of an active verb) is <b>obvious, unknown, or unnecessary</b>:</p><p> Oranges <b>are grown</b> in California.<br />Toyotas <b>are made</b> in Japan.<br />Her purse <b>was stolen</b>.</p><p> <b>2. </b> Passive voice is often used when the <b>agent</b> is known, but the speaker/writer <b>doesn’t</b> want to mention it:</p><p> She <b>was given</b> bad advice.<br />A mistake <b>has been</b> made.</p><p> <b>3. </b> Passive voice is often used when the <b>agent</b> is very general such as <b>people</b> or <b>somebody</b>.</p><p> English <b>is spoken</b> here.<br />The door <b>should be locked</b>.</p><p> <b>4. </b> Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to <b>emphasize a result</b>:</p><p> Several thousand people <b>were killed</b> by the earthquake.</p><p> <b>5. </b> Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to keep the <b>same subject</b> for two or more verbs but this would not be possible if both verbs were the same voice (active or passive). </p><p> For example, in a conversation about George, a speaker would probably use sentence <b>a</b> below rather than sentence <b>b</b> (both sentences are correct).</p><p> <b>a. </b> George <b>had</b> several interviews before he <b>was hired</b> by a software company.<br /><b>b. </b> George <b>had</b> several interviews before a software company <b>hired</b> him. </p>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-88392280108239396112010-08-09T17:54:00.000+05:302010-08-09T17:57:38.499+05:30Conditional SentencesBecause <b>conditional sentences</b> are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a problem for most learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the English <b>tense</b> system and of the <b>modal auxiliaries</b>, you will find it easier to understand and use conditional sentences. (The sentence you just read is a predictive conditional sentence.)<p> All conditional sentences contain a <b>dependent</b> clause and an <b>independent</b> clause. The dependent clause usually begins with <b>if</b>; it expresses a <b>condition</b>. The independent clause expresses a <b>result</b> of the condition. The if-clause is usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important. Thus, these two sentences have basically the same meaning:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If she goes to the store, she will buy ice cream. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She will buy ice cream if she goes to the store. </blockquote><p> You have probably noticed that different teachers, textbooks, and Web sites sometimes explain the same thing in different ways. This seems to be especially true of conditional sentences. However, two different explanations can both be correct, especially if the difference is due to the fact that complicated material has been organized in different ways. This is often true of explanations of conditionals that you find in your textbooks. Here conditional sentences are divided into three types based on their meanings: <b>real, predictive, </b> and <b>imaginative</b> conditional sentences.</p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>A. Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences. </b></p><p> <b>1. Generalizations</b> include <b>facts</b> that are always true and never change, and they include present or past <b>habitual activities</b> that are or were usually true.</p><p> Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the <b>same tense</b> (usually <b>simple present</b> or <b>simple past</b>) in both clauses. However, if the <b>simple present</b> tense is used in the if-clause, <b>will + verb</b> can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.</p><p> Examples of real conditional sentences expressing <b>facts</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If water boils, it turns to steam. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If water boils, it will turn to steam. </blockquote><p> Examples of real conditional sentences expressing <b>habitual activities</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day. </blockquote><p> These generalizations can also be expressed by using <b>when</b> or <b>whenever</b> instead of <b>if</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote>When water boils, it turns to steam. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day. </blockquote><p> <b>2. Inferences</b> are often expressed in real conditional sentences.</p><p> Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have <b>parallel verb phrases</b> in both clauses. However, if a modal which explicitly expresses an inference (<b>must</b> or <b>should</b>, for example) is used in the main clause, parallel verb phrases are not used.</p><p> Examples of real conditional sentences expressing <b>inferences</b>:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If today is Wednesday, it is George’s birthday. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If I can do it, anyone can do it. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>if it is raining, the streets are getting wet. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If he was at school, he saw the accident. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If today is Wednesday, it must be George’s birthday. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If I can do it, anyone must be able to do it. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>if it is raining, the streets must be getting wet. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If he was at school, he must have seen the accident. </blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans. </b></p><p> <b>1. </b>Predictive conditional sentences usually contain <b>simple present tense</b> in the if-clause and <b>will</b> or <b>be going to</b> in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (<b>may</b> or <b>should</b>, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty.</p><p> <b>2. </b>Examples of predictive conditional sentences:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If Mary does well on the final exam, she will get an A in the class. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If George does well on the final exam, he may get an A in the class. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If Fred studies, he should pass the exam. </blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning. </b> </p><p> In this type of conditional sentence, <b>past tense refers to present or future time; past perfect tense refers to past time</b>. Another problem for many learners of English is that <b>were</b> (not <b>was</b>) is used with singular subjects. <b>Be</b> is the only English verb with two past tense forms, but only one of them (<b>were</b>) is used in imaginative conditional sentences.</p><p> <b>Imaginative</b> conditional sentences can express <b>hypothetical</b> or <b>contrary-to-fact</b> events or states.</p><p> <b>1. </b>Hypothetical events or states are <b>unlikely but possible in the present or future</b>.</p><p> <b>Imaginative</b> conditional sentences expressing <b>hypothetical</b> events or states have a <b>past tense verb</b> in the if-clause and <b>would + verb</b> (or <b>might</b> or <b>could + verb</b>) in the result clause. </p><p> Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time):</p><p> </p><blockquote>If George had enough money, he would buy a new car. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If she knew the answer, she would tell us. </blockquote><p> (George probably does not have enough money; I probably will not win the lottery; she probably does not know the answer.)</p><p> <b>2. </b>Contrary-to-fact events or states are either <b>impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past</b>.</p><p> <b>Imaginative</b> conditional sentences expressing <b>present</b> contrary-to-fact events or states have a <b>past verb</b> in the if-clause and <b>would + verb</b> (or <b>might</b> or <b>could + verb</b>) in the result clause. Some examples:</p><p> </p><blockquote>If I were you, I would not do that. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If she studied for exams, she would get better grades. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If it were raining, the streets would be wet. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote> (I am not you; she doesn’t study for exams; it isn’t raining.) </blockquote><p> <b>Imaginative</b> conditional sentences expressing <b>past</b> contrary-to-fact events or states have a <b>past perfect verb</b> in the if-clause and <b>would + have + verb</b> (or <b>might</b> or <b>could + have + verb</b>) in the result clause. Some examples: </p><p> </p><blockquote>If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If she had known the answer, she would have told us. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>(George did not have enough money; I did not win the lottery; she did not know the answer.) </blockquote>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-16172895107439782472010-08-09T17:51:00.001+05:302010-08-09T17:54:20.386+05:30PunctuationCorrect <b>punctuation</b> will help your reader understand your writing; incorrect punctuation may make your writing difficult or impossible to understand. English punctuation (unlike English spelling and English grammar) is fairly simple and regular. Here are the most important rules of English punctuation. <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>A. At the beginning and end of a sentence</b> (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$14"></a>The Sentence)</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> All sentences begin with a <b>capital letter: </b> A, B, C, D, E,…. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote> (The other kind of letters are <b>lower case: </b> a, b, c, d, e,….) </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> All sentences end with a <b>period</b> or a <b>question mark</b> or an <b>exclamation point: . ? ! </b></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. The comma</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> A comma is used between items in a list when the list includes at least three items (see Parallel Structures): </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>I bought a book<b>, </b> a compact disk<b>, </b> and a videotape. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>George<b>, </b> Fred<b>, </b> and Mary went shopping. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>He got up<b>, </b> he took a shower<b>, </b> he ate breakfast<b>, </b> and he left the house. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>Note that a <b>coordinating conjunction</b> comes before the last item. The comma before the conjunction is optional. Note also that the items can be words, phrases, or clauses and they must be parallel (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$16"></a>Parallel Structures). </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> A comma is used after a phrase or adverb clause (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17"></a>Adverb Clauses) that comes <i>before</i> the subject of a sentence: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>While I was cooking breakfast<b>, </b> the rest of the family was sleeping. </blockquote> </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Before fixing an omelet<b>, </b> you must break some eggs. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Last night<b>, </b> I saw a really good movie. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If an introductory phrase is very short (2-3 words), the comma is <i>optional</i>:</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Last night I saw a really good movie. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>If an adverb clause comes <i>after</i> the main clause, the comma is <i>not </i>used: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>The rest of the family was sleeping while I was cooking breakfast. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>3. </b> Commas separate extra (non-restrictive) words, phrases, or clauses from the rest of the sentence: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>California<b>, </b> which is the most populous state<b>, </b> is in the western US. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>California<b>, </b> the most populous state<b>, </b> is in the western US. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>Also see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20"></a>Adjective Clauses. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>4. </b> A comma and a coordinating conjunction are used between two independent clauses (see Parallel Structures): </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>He watched TV<b>, </b> but she went to bed. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>I went to the library<b>, </b> and I worked on my composition for several hours. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Our teacher says that English is easy<b>, </b> but the students don’t believe it. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>The comma is <i>optional</i> when at least one of the clauses is short (5 words or less): </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>He watched TV but she went to bed. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>5. </b> A comma separates a quotation from the rest of the sentence:</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>The doctor said<b>, </b> “I will see you in the morning.” </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote> “I will see you in the morning<b>, </b>” the doctor said. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>6. </b> A comma separates a tag question from the rest of the sentence: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>English is easy<b>, </b> isn’t it? </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Billy didn’t know how to swim<b>, </b> did he? </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>They shoot horses<b>, </b> don’t they? </blockquote></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. semicolon</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> A semicolon can be used between closely related independent clauses (see Parallel Structures): </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>English is easy<b>; </b> mathematics is difficult. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>A semicolon is often used between independent clauses when the second clause includes a transition: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>English is easy<b>; </b> however, mathematics is difficult. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> A semicolon separates items in a list when at least one of the items contains a comma: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>We visited San Francisco, California<b>; </b> Portland, Oregon<b>; </b> and Seattle, Washington. </blockquote></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>D. The colon</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> A colon can introduce a list: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>There are several things a student in a composition class needs to bring to every class meeting<b>:</b> paper, a pen, a dictionary, and the textbook. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> A colon can introduce an explanation: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Some students are afraid to take composition classes<b>:</b> They think writing is too hard. </blockquote></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>E. The apostrophe</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> An apostrophe indicates the place in a contraction where a letter or letters have been omitted: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>is not = isn<b>’ </b>t</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>was not = wasn<b>’ </b>t</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>does not = doesn<b>’ </b>t</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>did not = didn<b>’ </b>t</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>she is = she<b>’ </b>s</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>they had = they<b>’ </b>d</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> An apostrophe indicates possession: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote><b>a. </b> Add <b>apostrophe + s</b> to singular nouns and indefinite pronouns. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Fred<b>’s </b> car, my brother<b>’s </b> hat, somebody<b>’s </b> book</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote><b>b. </b> Add <b>apostrophe only</b> to plural nouns which end with -s. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>the girls<b>’ </b> clothes, the teachers<b>’ </b> offices</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote><b>c.</b> Add <b>apostrophe + s</b> to plural nouns which don’t end with -s. </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>the children<b>’s </b> breakfast, the men<b>’s </b> tools</blockquote></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>F. Dashes and parentheses</b></p><p> Dashes and parentheses separate extra information from the rest of the sentence. They are often used for explanations, examples, and comments. Material between the dashes and parentheses is not grammatically part of the sentence.</p><p> </p><blockquote>Most people born in the US speak only one language<b>—</b>English.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>This device is easy to use if you know how <b> (</b>see the owner’s manual<b>)</b>.</blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>G. Quotation marks</b></p><p> </p><blockquote><b>1. </b> Quotation marks are used around the <i>exact words</i> of a speaker or writer: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>My teacher often says, <b> “</b>English is easy. <b>”</b></blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>Note the other punctuation in the sentence above: the comma <i>before </i>the beginning quotation mark and the period <i>before</i> the end quotation mark. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>2. </b> Quotation marks are used around the title of a TV program, song, short story, article, chapter, and essay: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote><b> “</b>The Killers<b>”</b> is a famous short story by Ernest Hemingway.</blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>Every night I watch <b> “</b>The Late Show. <b>”</b></blockquote></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>H. An important note about punctuation: </b></p><p> The <b>comma</b>, the <b>period</b>, the <b>semicolon</b>, the <b>colon</b>, and the <b>apostrophe</b> are <i>never</i> placed at the <i>beginning</i> of a line.</p><p> not correct:</p><p> </p><blockquote>* Billy, Fred, and George hoped to finish school</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>, </b>get good jobs, and travel around the world.</blockquote><p> correct:</p><p> </p><blockquote>Billy, Fred, and George hoped to finish school<b>, </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>get good jobs, and travel around the world. </blockquote>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-62527723290958193612010-08-09T17:50:00.000+05:302010-08-09T17:51:40.250+05:30Verbs M-Z<b>A. English verbs can be divided into two groups based on the number of forms. </b><p> <b>1. Be</b> has <i>eight </i>forms (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$33"></a>Auxiliary Verbs).</p><p> <b>2. All other English verbs</b> have <i>five </i>forms (see the list of common English verbs below).</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>base</b> (sometimes called the <i>simple</i> or <i>bare infinitive</i> form) </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>+s</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>past</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>ing</b> (traditionally called the <i>present participle</i>)</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>participle</b> (traditionally called the <i>past participle</i>)</blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. Functions of the five verb forms</b> (all verbs <i>except </i><b>be</b>):</p><p> <b>1. </b> The <b>base</b> form has functions both <i>with</i> and <i>without</i> tense.</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a.</b> With tense: The <b>base</b> form is the simple present tense form in statements when the subject is <b>I, we, you, they, </b> or <b>any plural</b>.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b.</b> Without tense: The <b>base</b> form is used: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>1. in simple present and simple past tense verb phrases when the tense is on the auxiliary <b>do</b> (that is, in <b>questions and negatives</b>) no matter what the subject is; </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>2. in verb phrases which contain any of the modal, phrasal modal, or modal-like auxiliaries (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$32"></a>Modal Auxiliaries) no matter what the subject is; </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>3. with <b>to</b> to make <i>infinitives</i>.</blockquote></blockquote><p> <b>2. </b> The <b>+s</b> form has only one function. It is the present tense form in statements when the subject is <b>he, she, it, </b> or <b>any singular other than I or you</b>.</p><p> <b>3. </b> The <b>past</b> form has only one function. It is the past tense form in statements no matter what the subject is.</p><p> <b>4. </b> The <b>ing</b> form has no tense. It has three functions:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a. </b> It is the main <i>verb </i>in continuous verb phrases.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b. </b> It can be a <i>noun</i>. (It is called a <i>gerund </i>when it functions as a noun.)</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>c. </b> It can be a <i>modifier</i>.</blockquote><p> <b>5. </b> The <b>participle</b> form has no tense. It has two functions:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a. </b> It is the main <i>verb</i> in perfect and passive verb phrases.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b. </b> It can be a <i>modifier</i>.</blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. Below is a list of the five forms of some common English verbs. </b> Also see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$34">Verbs A-L</a>.</p> base: <b> make </b> +s: <b> makes </b> past: <b> made </b> ing: <b> making </b> participle: <b> made </b> <br />base: <b> manage </b> +s: <b> manages </b> past: <b> managed </b> ing: <b> managing </b> participle: <b> managed </b> <br />base: <b> mean </b> +s: <b> means </b> past: <b> meant </b> ing: <b> meaning </b> participle: <b> meant </b> <br />base: <b> meet </b> +s: <b> meets </b> past: <b> met </b> ing: <b> meeting </b> participle: <b> met </b> <br />base: <b> memorize </b> +s: <b> memorizes </b> past: <b> memorized </b> ing: <b> memorizing </b> participle: <b> memorized </b> <br />base: <b> mention </b> +s: <b> mentions </b> past: <b> mentioned </b> ing: <b> mentioning </b> participle: <b> mentioned </b> <br />base: <b> miss </b> +s: <b> misses </b> past: <b> missed </b> ing: <b> missing </b> participle: <b> missed </b> <br />base: <b> misspell </b> +s: <b> misspells </b> past: <b> misspelled </b> ing: <b> misspelling </b> participle: <b> misspelled </b> <br />base: <b> mistake </b> +s: <b> mistakes </b> past: <b> mistook </b> ing: <b> mistaking </b> participle: <b> mistaken </b> <br />base: <b> mix </b> +s: <b> mixes </b> past: <b> mixed </b> ing: <b> mixing </b> participle: <b> mixed </b> <br />base: <b> moan </b> +s: <b> moans </b> past: <b> moaned </b> ing: <b> moaning </b> participle: <b> moaned </b> <br />base: <b> move </b> +s: <b> moves </b> past: <b> moved </b> ing: <b> moving </b> participle: <b> moved </b> <br />base: <b> murder </b> +s: <b> murders </b> past: <b> murdered </b> ing: <b> murdering </b> participle: <b> murdered </b> <br />base: <b> mutter </b> +s: <b> mutters </b> past: <b> muttered </b> ing: <b> muttering </b> participle: <b> muttered </b> <br />base: <b> narrate </b> +s: <b> narrates </b> past: <b> narrated </b> ing: <b> narrating </b> participle: <b> narrated </b> <br />base: <b> need </b> +s: <b> needs </b> past: <b> needed </b> ing: <b> needing </b> participle: <b> needed </b> <br />base: <b> neglect </b> +s: <b> neglects </b> past: <b> neglected </b> ing: <b> neglecting </b> participle: <b> neglected </b> <br />base: <b> notice </b> +s: <b> notices </b> past: <b> noticed </b> ing: <b> noticing </b> participle: <b> noticed </b> <br />base: <b> nullify </b> +s: <b> nullifies </b> past: <b> nullified </b> ing: <b> nullifying </b> participle: <b> nullified </b> <br />base: <b> observe </b> +s: <b> observes </b> past: <b> observed </b> ing: <b> observing </b> participle: <b> observed </b> <br />base: <b> occur </b> +s: <b> occurs </b> past: <b> occurred </b> ing: <b> occurring </b> participle: <b> occurred </b> <br />base: <b> offend </b> +s: <b> offends </b> past: <b> offended </b> ing: <b> offending </b> participle: <b> offended </b> <br />base: <b> offer </b> +s: <b> offers </b> past: <b> offered </b> ing: <b> offering </b> participle: <b> offered </b> <br />base: <b> open </b> +s: <b> opens </b> past: <b> opened </b> ing: <b> opening </b> participle: <b> opened </b> <br />base: <b> order </b> +s: <b> orders </b> past: <b> ordered </b> ing: <b> ordering </b> participle: <b> ordered </b> <br />base: <b> overcome </b> +s: <b> overcomes </b> past: <b> overcame </b> ing: <b> overcoming </b> participle: <b> overcome </b> <br />base: <b> overdo </b> +s: <b> overdoes </b> past: <b> overdid </b> ing: <b> overdoing </b> participle: <b> overdone </b> <br />base: <b> overtake </b> +s: <b> overtakes </b> past: <b> overtook </b> ing: <b> overtaking </b> participle: <b> overtaken </b> <br />base: <b> overthrow </b> +s: <b> overthrows </b> past: <b> overthrew </b> ing: <b> overthrowing </b> participle: <b> overthrown </b> <br />base: <b> own </b> +s: <b> owns </b> past: <b> owned </b> ing: <b> owning </b> participle: <b> owned </b> <br />base: <b> pack </b> +s: <b> packs </b> past: <b> packed </b> ing: <b> packing </b> participle: <b> packed </b> <br />base: <b> paint </b> +s: <b> paints </b> past: <b> painted </b> ing: <b> painting </b> participle: <b> painted </b> <br />base: <b> pamper </b> +s: <b> pampers </b> past: <b> pampered </b> ing: <b> pampering </b> participle: <b> pampered </b> <br />base: <b> pant </b> +s: <b> pants </b> past: <b> panted </b> ing: <b> panting </b> participle: <b> panted </b> <br />base: <b> pass </b> +s: <b> passes </b> past: <b> passed </b> ing: <b> passing </b> participle: <b> passed </b> <br />base: <b> pay </b> +s: <b> pays </b> past: <b> paid </b> ing: <b> paying </b> participle: <b> paid </b> <br />base: <b> peek </b> +s: <b> peeks </b> past: <b> peeked </b> ing: <b> peeking </b> participle: <b> peeked </b> <br />base: <b> permit </b> +s: <b> permits </b> past: <b> permitted </b> ing: <b> permitting </b> participle: <b> permitted </b> <br />base: <b> persuade </b> +s: <b> persuades </b> past: <b> persuaded </b> ing: <b> persuading </b> participle: <b> persuaded </b> <br />base: <b> pick </b> +s: <b> picks </b> past: <b> picked </b> ing: <b> picking </b> participle: <b> picked </b> <br />base: <b> plan </b> +s: <b> plans </b> past: <b> planned </b> ing: <b> planning </b> participle: <b> planned </b> <br />base: <b> play </b> +s: <b> plays </b> past: <b> played </b> ing: <b> playing </b> participle: <b> played </b> <br />base: <b> plead </b> +s: <b> pleads </b> past: <b> pleaded </b> ing: <b> pleading </b> participle: <b> pleaded </b> <br />base: <b> pledge </b> +s: <b> pledges </b> past: <b> pledged </b> ing: <b> pledging </b> participle: <b> pledged </b> <br />base: <b> point </b> +s: <b> points </b> past: <b> pointed </b> ing: <b> pointing </b> participle: <b> pointed </b> <br />base: <b> polish </b> +s: <b> polishes </b> past: <b> polished </b> ing: <b> polishing </b> participle: <b> polished </b> <br />base: <b> postpone </b> +s: <b> postpones </b> past: <b> postponed </b> ing: <b> postponing </b> participle: <b> postponed </b> <br />base: <b> practice </b> +s: <b> practices </b> past: <b> practiced </b> ing: <b> practicing </b> participle: <b> practiced </b> <br />base: <b> pray </b> +s: <b> prays </b> past: <b> prayed </b> ing: <b> praying </b> participle: <b> prayed </b> <br />base: <b> prefer </b> +s: <b> prefers </b> past: <b> preferred </b> ing: <b> preferring </b> participle: <b> preferred </b> <br />base: <b> prepare </b> +s: <b> prepares </b> past: <b> prepared </b> ing: <b> preparing </b> participle: <b> prepared </b> <br />base: <b> prescribe </b> +s: <b> prescribes </b> past: <b> prescribed </b> ing: <b> prescribing </b> participle: <b> prescribed </b> <br />base: <b> present </b> +s: <b> presents </b> past: <b> presented </b> ing: <b> presenting </b> participle: <b> presented </b> <br />base: <b> pretend </b> +s: <b> pretends </b> past: <b> pretended </b> ing: <b> pretending </b> participle: <b> pretended </b> <br />base: <b> prevent </b> +s: <b> prevents </b> past: <b> prevented </b> ing: <b> preventing </b> participle: <b> prevented </b> <br />base: <b> produce </b> +s: <b> produces </b> past: <b> produced </b> ing: <b> producing </b> participle: <b> produced </b> <br />base: <b> promise </b> +s: <b> promises </b> past: <b> promised </b> ing: <b> promising </b> participle: <b> promised </b> <br />base: <b> pronounce </b> +s: <b> pronounces </b> past: <b> pronounced </b> ing: <b> pronouncing </b> participle: <b> pronounced </b> <br />base: <b> prove </b> +s: <b> proves </b> past: <b> proved </b> ing: <b> proving </b> participle: <b> proved </b> <br />base: <b> pull </b> +s: <b> pulls </b> past: <b> pulled </b> ing: <b> pulling </b> participle: <b> pulled </b> <br />base: <b> push </b> +s: <b> pushes </b> past: <b> pushed </b> ing: <b> pushing </b> participle: <b> pushed </b> <br />base: <b> put </b> +s: <b> puts </b> past: <b> put </b> ing: <b> putting </b> participle: <b> put </b> <br />base: <b> putter </b> +s: <b> putters </b> past: <b> puttered </b> ing: <b> puttering </b> participle: <b> puttered </b> <br />base: <b> quake </b> +s: <b> quakes </b> past: <b> quaked </b> ing: <b> quaking </b> participle: <b> quaked </b> <br />base: <b> qualify </b> +s: <b> qualifies </b> past: <b> qualified </b> ing: <b> qualifying </b> participle: <b> qualified </b> <br />base: <b> quarrel </b> +s: <b> quarrels </b> past: <b> quarreled </b> ing: <b> quarreling </b> participle: <b> quarreled </b> <br />base: <b> quibble </b> +s: <b> quibbles </b> past: <b> quibbled </b> ing: <b> quibbling </b> participle: <b> quibbled </b> <br />base: <b> quiet </b> +s: <b> quiets </b> past: <b> quieted </b> ing: <b> quieting </b> participle: <b> quieted </b> <br />base: <b> quit </b> +s: <b> quits </b> past: <b> quit </b> ing: <b> quitting </b> participle: <b> quit </b> <br />base: <b> quiver </b> +s: <b> quivers </b> past: <b> quivered </b> ing: <b> quivering </b> participle: <b> quivered </b> <br />base: <b> quote </b> +s: <b> quotes </b> past: <b> quoted </b> ing: <b> quoting </b> participle: <b> quoted </b> <br />base: <b> race </b> +s: <b> races </b> past: <b> raced </b> ing: <b> racing </b> participle: <b> raced </b> <br />base: <b> rain </b> +s: <b> rains </b> past: <b> rained </b> ing: <b> raining </b> participle: <b> rained </b> <br />base: <b> raise </b> +s: <b> raises </b> past: <b> raised </b> ing: <b> raising </b> participle: <b> raised </b> <br />base: <b> read </b> +s: <b> reads </b> past: <b> read </b> ing: <b> reading </b> participle: <b> read </b> <br />base: <b> realize </b> +s: <b> realizes </b> past: <b> realized </b> ing: <b> realizing </b> participle: <b> realized </b> <br />base: <b> recite </b> +s: <b> recites </b> past: <b> recited </b> ing: <b> reciting </b> participle: <b> recited </b> <br />base: <b> refer </b> +s: <b> refers </b> past: <b> referred </b> ing: <b> referring </b> participle: <b> referred </b> <br />base: <b> refuse </b> +s: <b> refuses </b> past: <b> refused </b> ing: <b> refusing </b> participle: <b> refused </b> <br />base: <b> rely </b> +s: <b> relies </b> past: <b> relied </b> ing: <b> relying </b> participle: <b> relied </b> <br />base: <b> remember </b> +s: <b> remembers </b> past: <b> remembered </b> ing: <b> remembering </b> participle: <b> remembered </b> <br />base: <b> remind </b> +s: <b> reminds </b> past: <b> reminded </b> ing: <b> reminding </b> participle: <b> reminded </b> <br />base: <b> rent </b> +s: <b> rents </b> past: <b> rented </b> ing: <b> renting </b> participle: <b> rented </b> <br />base: <b> repair </b> +s: <b> repairs </b> past: <b> repaired </b> ing: <b> repairing </b> participle: <b> repaired </b> <br />base: <b> repeat </b> +s: <b> repeats </b> past: <b> repeated </b> ing: <b> repeating </b> participle: <b> repeated </b> <br />base: <b> reply </b> +s: <b> replies </b> past: <b> replied </b> ing: <b> replying </b> participle: <b> replied </b> <br />base: <b> request </b> +s: <b> requests </b> past: <b> requested </b> ing: <b> requesting </b> participle: <b> requested </b> <br />base: <b> require </b> +s: <b> requires </b> past: <b> required </b> ing: <b> requiring </b> participle: <b> required </b> <br />base: <b> resent </b> +s: <b> resents </b> past: <b> resented </b> ing: <b> resenting </b> participle: <b> resented </b> <br />base: <b> resist </b> +s: <b> resists </b> past: <b> resisted </b> ing: <b> resisting </b> participle: <b> resisted </b> <br />base: <b> resolve </b> +s: <b> resolves </b> past: <b> resolved </b> ing: <b> resolving </b> participle: <b> resolved </b> <br />base: <b> return </b> +s: <b> returns </b> past: <b> returned </b> ing: <b> returning </b> participle: <b> returned </b> <br />base: <b> review </b> +s: <b> reviews </b> past: <b> reviewed </b> ing: <b> reviewing </b> participle: <b> reviewed </b> <br />base: <b> revolve </b> +s: <b> revolves </b> past: <b> revolved </b> ing: <b> revolving </b> participle: <b> revolved </b> <br />base: <b> ride </b> +s: <b> rides </b> past: <b> rode </b> ing: <b> riding </b> participle: <b> ridden </b> <br />base: <b> ring </b> +s: <b> rings </b> past: <b> rang </b> ing: <b> ringing </b> participle: <b> rung </b> <br />base: <b> rip </b> +s: <b> rips </b> past: <b> ripped </b> ing: <b> ripping </b> participle: <b> ripped </b> <br />base: <b> rise </b> +s: <b> rises </b> past: <b> rose </b> ing: <b> rising </b> participle: <b> risen </b> <br />base: <b> roast </b> +s: <b> roasts </b> past: <b> roasted </b> ing: <b> roasting </b> participle: <b> roasted </b> <br />base: <b> rob </b> +s: <b> robs </b> past: <b> robbed </b> ing: <b> robbing </b> participle: <b> robbed </b> <br />base: <b> rub </b> +s: <b> rubs </b> past: <b> rubbed </b> ing: <b> rubbing </b> participle: <b> rubbed </b> <br />base: <b> run </b> +s: <b> runs </b> past: <b> ran </b> ing: <b> running </b> participle: <b> run </b> <br />base: <b> save </b> +s: <b> saves </b> past: <b> saved </b> ing: <b> saving </b> participle: <b> saved </b> <br />base: <b> say </b> +s: <b> says </b> past: <b> said </b> ing: <b> saying </b> participle: <b> said </b> <br />base: <b> scream </b> +s: <b> screams </b> past: <b> screamed </b> ing: <b> screaming </b> participle: <b> screamed </b> <br />base: <b> see </b> +s: <b> sees </b> past: <b> saw </b> ing: <b> seeing </b> participle: <b> seen </b> <br />base: <b> seek </b> +s: <b> seeks </b> past: <b> sought </b> ing: <b> seeking </b> participle: <b> sought </b> <br />base: <b> seem </b> +s: <b> seems </b> past: <b> seemed </b> ing: <b> seeming </b> participle: <b> seemed </b> <br />base: <b> sell </b> +s: <b> sells </b> past: <b> sold </b> ing: <b> selling </b> participle: <b> sold </b> <br />base: <b> send </b> +s: <b> sends </b> past: <b> sent </b> ing: <b> sending </b> participle: <b> sent </b> <br />base: <b> separate </b> +s: <b> separates </b> past: <b> separated </b> ing: <b> separating </b> participle: <b> separated </b> <br />base: <b> set </b> +s: <b> sets </b> past: <b> set </b> ing: <b> setting </b> participle: <b> set </b> <br />base: <b> sew </b> +s: <b> sews </b> past: <b> sewed </b> ing: <b> sewing </b> participle: <b> sewn </b> <br />base: <b> shake </b> +s: <b> shakes </b> past: <b> shook </b> ing: <b> shaking </b> participle: <b> shaken </b> <br />base: <b> shed </b> +s: <b> sheds </b> past: <b> shed </b> ing: <b> shedding </b> participle: <b> shed </b> <br />base: <b> shine </b> +s: <b> shines </b> past: <b> shined </b> ing: <b> shining </b> participle: <b> shined </b> <br />base: <b> shine </b> +s: <b> shines </b> past: <b> shone </b> ing: <b> shining </b> participle: <b> shone </b> <br />base: <b> shiver </b> +s: <b> shivers </b> past: <b> shivered </b> ing: <b> shivering </b> participle: <b> shivered </b> <br />base: <b> shoot </b> +s: <b> shoots </b> past: <b> shot </b> ing: <b> shooting </b> participle: <b> shot </b> <br />base: <b> shout </b> +s: <b> shouts </b> past: <b> shouted </b> ing: <b> shouting </b> participle: <b> shouted </b> <br />base: <b> show </b> +s: <b> shows </b> past: <b> showed </b> ing: <b> showing </b> participle: <b> shown </b> <br />base: <b> shrink </b> +s: <b> shrinks </b> past: <b> shrank </b> ing: <b> shrinking </b> participle: <b> shrunk </b> <br />base: <b> shut </b> +s: <b> shuts </b> past: <b> shut </b> ing: <b> shutting </b> participle: <b> shut </b> <br />base: <b> sigh </b> +s: <b> sighs </b> past: <b> sighed </b> ing: <b> sighing </b> participle: <b> sighed </b> <br />base: <b> sing </b> +s: <b> sings </b> past: <b> sang </b> ing: <b> singing </b> participle: <b> sung </b> <br />base: <b> sink </b> +s: <b> sinks </b> past: <b> sank </b> ing: <b> sinking </b> participle: <b> sunk </b> <br />base: <b> sip </b> +s: <b> sips </b> past: <b> sipped </b> ing: <b> sipping </b> participle: <b> sipped </b> <br />base: <b> sit </b> +s: <b> sits </b> past: <b> sat </b> ing: <b> sitting </b> participle: <b> sat </b> <br />base: <b> slay </b> +s: <b> slays </b> past: <b> slew </b> ing: <b> slaying </b> participle: <b> slain </b> <br />base: <b> sleep </b> +s: <b> sleeps </b> past: <b> slept </b> ing: <b> sleeping </b> participle: <b> slept </b> <br />base: <b> slide </b> +s: <b> slides </b> past: <b> slid </b> ing: <b> sliding </b> participle: <b> slid </b> <br />base: <b> slit </b> +s: <b> slits </b> past: <b> slit </b> ing: <b> slitting </b> participle: <b> slit </b> <br />base: <b> smell </b> +s: <b> smells </b> past: <b> smelled </b> ing: <b> smelling </b> participle: <b> smelled </b> <br />base: <b> smile </b> +s: <b> smiles </b> past: <b> smiled </b> ing: <b> smiling </b> participle: <b> smiled </b> <br />base: <b> smoke </b> +s: <b> smokes </b> past: <b> smoked </b> ing: <b> smoking </b> participle: <b> smoked </b> <br />base: <b> sneak </b> +s: <b> sneaks </b> past: <b> sneaked </b> ing: <b> sneaking </b> participle: <b> sneaked </b> <br />base: <b> sneeze </b> +s: <b> sneezes </b> past: <b> sneezed </b> ing: <b> sneezing </b> participle: <b> sneezed </b> <br />base: <b> sniff </b> +s: <b> sniffs </b> past: <b> sniffed </b> ing: <b> sniffing </b> participle: <b> sniffed </b> <br />base: <b> speak </b> +s: <b> speaks </b> past: <b> spoke </b> ing: <b> speaking </b> participle: <b> spoken </b> <br />base: <b> speed </b> +s: <b> speeds </b> past: <b> sped </b> ing: <b> speeding </b> participle: <b> sped </b> <br />base: <b> spell </b> +s: <b> spells </b> past: <b> spelled </b> ing: <b> spelling </b> participle: <b> spelled </b> <br />base: <b> spend </b> +s: <b> spends </b> past: <b> spent </b> ing: <b> spending </b> participle: <b> spent </b> <br />base: <b> spill </b> +s: <b> spills </b> past: <b> spilled </b> ing: <b> spilling </b> participle: <b> spilled </b> <br />base: <b> spin </b> +s: <b> spins </b> past: <b> spun </b> ing: <b> spinning </b> participle: <b> spun </b> <br />base: <b> spit </b> +s: <b> spits </b> past: <b> spit </b> ing: <b> spitting </b> participle: <b> spit </b> <br />base: <b> split </b> +s: <b> splits </b> past: <b> split </b> ing: <b> splitting </b> participle: <b> split </b> <br />base: <b> spoil </b> +s: <b> spoils </b> past: <b> spoiled </b> ing: <b> spoiling </b> participle: <b> spoiled </b> <br />base: <b> spread </b> +s: <b> spreads </b> past: <b> spread </b> ing: <b> spreading </b> participle: <b> spread </b> <br />base: <b> spring </b> +s: <b> springs </b> past: <b> sprang </b> ing: <b> springing </b> participle: <b> sprung </b> <br />base: <b> stand </b> +s: <b> stands </b> past: <b> stood </b> ing: <b> standing </b> participle: <b> stood </b> <br />base: <b> start </b> +s: <b> starts </b> past: <b> started </b> ing: <b> starting </b> participle: <b> started </b> <br />base: <b> steal </b> +s: <b> steals </b> past: <b> stole </b> ing: <b> stealing </b> participle: <b> stolen </b> <br />base: <b> step </b> +s: <b> steps </b> past: <b> stepped </b> ing: <b> stepping </b> participle: <b> stepped </b> <br />base: <b> stick </b> +s: <b> sticks </b> past: <b> stuck </b> ing: <b> sticking </b> participle: <b> stuck </b> <br />base: <b> sting </b> +s: <b> stings </b> past: <b> stung </b> ing: <b> stinging </b> participle: <b> stung </b> <br />base: <b> stink </b> +s: <b> stinks </b> past: <b> stank </b> ing: <b> stinking </b> participle: <b> stunk </b> <br />base: <b> stir </b> +s: <b> stirs </b> past: <b> stirred </b> ing: <b> stirring </b> participle: <b> stirred </b> <br />base: <b> stop </b> +s: <b> stops </b> past: <b> stopped </b> ing: <b> stopping </b> participle: <b> stopped </b> <br />base: <b> strike </b> +s: <b> strikes </b> past: <b> struck </b> ing: <b> striking </b> participle: <b> struck </b> <br />base: <b> string </b> +s: <b> strings </b> past: <b> strung </b> ing: <b> stringing </b> participle: <b> strung </b> <br />base: <b> strip </b> +s: <b> strips </b> past: <b> stripped </b> ing: <b> stripping </b> participle: <b> stripped </b> <br />base: <b> strive </b> +s: <b> strives </b> past: <b> strove </b> ing: <b> striving </b> participle: <b> striven </b> <br />base: <b> study </b> +s: <b> studies </b> past: <b> studied </b> ing: <b> studying </b> participle: <b> studied </b> <br />base: <b> suffer </b> +s: <b> suffers </b> past: <b> suffered </b> ing: <b> suffering </b> participle: <b> suffered </b> <br />base: <b> suggest </b> +s: <b> suggests </b> past: <b> suggested </b> ing: <b> suggesting </b> participle: <b> suggested </b> <br />base: <b> suppose </b> +s: <b> supposes </b> past: <b> supposed </b> ing: <b> supposing </b> participle: <b> supposed </b> <br />base: <b> surprise </b> +s: <b> surprises </b> past: <b> surprised </b> ing: <b> surprising </b> participle: <b> surprised </b> <br />base: <b> surround </b> +s: <b> surrounds </b> past: <b> surrounded </b> ing: <b> surrounding </b> participle: <b> surrounded </b> <br />base: <b> suspect </b> +s: <b> suspects </b> past: <b> suspected </b> ing: <b> suspecting </b> participle: <b> suspected </b> <br />base: <b> swallow </b> +s: <b> swallows </b> past: <b> swallowed </b> ing: <b> swallowing </b> participle: <b> swallowed </b> <br />base: <b> swear </b> +s: <b> swears </b> past: <b> swore </b> ing: <b> swearing </b> participle: <b> sworn </b> <br />base: <b> sweep </b> +s: <b> sweeps </b> past: <b> swept </b> ing: <b> sweeping </b> participle: <b> swept </b> <br />base: <b> swell </b> +s: <b> swells </b> past: <b> swelled </b> ing: <b> swelling </b> participle: <b> swollen </b> <br />base: <b> swim </b> +s: <b> swims </b> past: <b> swam </b> ing: <b> swimming </b> participle: <b> swum </b> <br />base: <b> swing </b> +s: <b> swings </b> past: <b> swung </b> ing: <b> swinging </b> participle: <b> swung </b> <br />base: <b> take </b> +s: <b> takes </b> past: <b> took </b> ing: <b> taking </b> participle: <b> taken </b> <br />base: <b> talk </b> +s: <b> talks </b> past: <b> talked </b> ing: <b> talking </b> participle: <b> talked </b> <br />base: <b> taste </b> +s: <b> tastes </b> past: <b> tasted </b> ing: <b> tasting </b> participle: <b> tasted </b> <br />base: <b> teach </b> +s: <b> teaches </b> past: <b> taught </b> ing: <b> teaching </b> participle: <b> taught </b> <br />base: <b> tear </b> +s: <b> tears </b> past: <b> tore </b> ing: <b> tearing </b> participle: <b> torn </b> <br />base: <b> tell </b> +s: <b> tells </b> past: <b> told </b> ing: <b> telling </b> participle: <b> told </b> <br />base: <b> tempt </b> +s: <b> tempts </b> past: <b> tempted </b> ing: <b> tempting </b> participle: <b> tempted </b> <br />base: <b> tend </b> +s: <b> tends </b> past: <b> tended </b> ing: <b> tending </b> participle: <b> tended </b> <br />base: <b> test </b> +s: <b> tests </b> past: <b> tested </b> ing: <b> testing </b> participle: <b> tested </b> <br />base: <b> think </b> +s: <b> thinks </b> past: <b> thought </b> ing: <b> thinking </b> participle: <b> thought </b> <br />base: <b> throw </b> +s: <b> throws </b> past: <b> threw </b> ing: <b> throwing </b> participle: <b> thrown </b> <br />base: <b> tickle </b> +s: <b> tickles </b> past: <b> tickled </b> ing: <b> tickling </b> participle: <b> tickled </b> <br />base: <b> tie </b> +s: <b> ties </b> past: <b> tied </b> ing: <b> tying </b> participle: <b> tied </b> <br />base: <b> touch </b> +s: <b> touches </b> past: <b> touched </b> ing: <b> touching </b> participle: <b> touched </b> <br />base: <b> train </b> +s: <b> trains </b> past: <b> trained </b> ing: <b> training </b> participle: <b> trained </b> <br />base: <b> travel </b> +s: <b> travels </b> past: <b> traveled </b> ing: <b> traveling </b> participle: <b> traveled </b> <br />base: <b> tremble </b> +s: <b> trembles </b> past: <b> trembled </b> ing: <b> trembling </b> participle: <b> trembled </b> <br />base: <b> trick </b> +s: <b> tricks </b> past: <b> tricked </b> ing: <b> tricking </b> participle: <b> tricked </b> <br />base: <b> trust </b> +s: <b> trusts </b> past: <b> trusted </b> ing: <b> trusting </b> participle: <b> trusted </b> <br />base: <b> try </b> +s: <b> tries </b> past: <b> tried </b> ing: <b> trying </b> participle: <b> tried </b> <br />base: <b> turn </b> +s: <b> turns </b> past: <b> turned </b> ing: <b> turning </b> participle: <b> turned </b> <br />base: <b> understand </b> +s: <b> understands </b> past: <b> understood </b> ing: <b> understanding </b> participle: <b> understood </b> <br />base: <b> undertake </b> +s: <b> undertakes </b> past: <b> undertook </b> ing: <b> undertaking </b> participle: <b> undertaken </b> <br />base: <b> uphold </b> +s: <b> upholds </b> past: <b> upheld </b> ing: <b> upholding </b> participle: <b> upheld </b> <br />base: <b> upset </b> +s: <b> upsets </b> past: <b> upset </b> ing: <b> upsetting </b> participle: <b> upset </b> <br />base: <b> urge </b> +s: <b> urges </b> past: <b> urged </b> ing: <b> urging </b> participle: <b> urged </b> <br />base: <b> use </b> +s: <b> uses </b> past: <b> used </b> ing: <b> using </b> participle: <b> used </b> <br />base: <b> vary </b> +s: <b> varies </b> past: <b> varied </b> ing: <b> varying </b> participle: <b> varied </b> <br />base: <b> visit </b> +s: <b> visits </b> past: <b> visited </b> ing: <b> visiting </b> participle: <b> visited </b> <br />base: <b> visualize </b> +s: <b> visualizes </b> past: <b> visualized </b> ing: <b> visualizing </b> participle: <b> visualized </b> <br />base: <b> vote </b> +s: <b> votes </b> past: <b> voted </b> ing: <b> voting </b> participle: <b> voted </b> <br />base: <b> wait </b> +s: <b> waits </b> past: <b> waited </b> ing: <b> waiting </b> participle: <b> waited </b> <br />base: <b> wake </b> +s: <b> wakes </b> past: <b> woke </b> ing: <b> waking </b> participle: <b> waked </b> <br />base: <b> walk </b> +s: <b> walks </b> past: <b> walked </b> ing: <b> walking </b> participle: <b> walked </b> <br />base: <b> wander </b> +s: <b> wanders </b> past: <b> wandered </b> ing: <b> wandering </b> participle: <b> wandered </b> <br />base: <b> want </b> +s: <b> wants </b> past: <b> wanted </b> ing: <b> wanting </b> participle: <b> wanted </b> <br />base: <b> warn </b> +s: <b> warns </b> past: <b> warned </b> ing: <b> warning </b> participle: <b> warned </b> <br />base: <b> wash </b> +s: <b> washes </b> past: <b> washed </b> ing: <b> washing </b> participle: <b> washed </b> <br />base: <b> waste </b> +s: <b> wastes </b> past: <b> wasted </b> ing: <b> wasting </b> participle: <b> wasted </b> <br />base: <b> watch </b> +s: <b> watches </b> past: <b> watched </b> ing: <b> watching </b> participle: <b> watched </b> <br />base: <b> wave </b> +s: <b> waves </b> past: <b> waved </b> ing: <b> waving </b> participle: <b> waved </b> <br />base: <b> wear </b> +s: <b> wears </b> past: <b> wore </b> ing: <b> wearing </b> participle: <b> worn </b> <br />base: <b> weave </b> +s: <b> weaves </b> past: <b> wove </b> ing: <b> weaving </b> participle: <b> woven </b> <br />base: <b> weep </b> +s: <b> weeps </b> past: <b> wept </b> ing: <b> weeping </b> participle: <b> wept </b> <br />base: <b> wet </b> +s: <b> wets </b> past: <b> wet </b> ing: <b> wetting </b> participle: <b> wet </b> <br />base: <b> whirl </b> +s: <b> whirls </b> past: <b> whirled </b> ing: <b> whirling </b> participle: <b> whirled </b> <br />base: <b> whisper </b> +s: <b> whispers </b> past: <b> whispered </b> ing: <b> whispering </b> participle: <b> whispered </b> <br />base: <b> whistle </b> +s: <b> whistles </b> past: <b> whistled </b> ing: <b> whistling </b> participle: <b> whistled </b> <br />base: <b> win </b> +s: <b> wins </b> past: <b> won </b> ing: <b> winning </b> participle: <b> won </b> <br />base: <b> wind </b> +s: <b> winds </b> past: <b> wound </b> ing: <b> winding </b> participle: <b> wound </b> <br />base: <b> wipe </b> +s: <b> wipes </b> past: <b> wiped </b> ing: <b> wiping </b> participle: <b> wiped </b> <br />base: <b> wish </b> +s: <b> wishes </b> past: <b> wished </b> ing: <b> wishing </b> participle: <b> wished </b> <br />base: <b> withdraw </b> +s: <b> withdraws </b> past: <b> withdrew </b> ing: <b> withdrawing </b> participle: <b> withdrawn </b> <br />base: <b> withhold </b> +s: <b> withholds </b> past: <b> withheld </b> ing: <b> withholding </b> participle: <b> withheld </b> <br />base: <b> withstand </b> +s: <b> withstands </b> past: <b> withstood </b> ing: <b> withstanding </b> participle: <b> withstood </b> <br />base: <b> wonder </b> +s: <b> wonders </b> past: <b> wondered </b> ing: <b> wondering </b> participle: <b> wondered </b> <br />base: <b> work </b> +s: <b> works </b> past: <b> worked </b> ing: <b> working </b> participle: <b> worked </b> <br />base: <b> wound </b> +s: <b> wounds </b> past: <b> wounded </b> ing: <b> wounding </b> participle: <b> wounded </b> <br />base: <b> wring </b> +s: <b> wrings </b> past: <b> wrung </b> ing: <b> wringing </b> participle: <b> wrung </b> <br />base: <b> write </b> +s: <b> writes </b> past: <b> wrote </b> ing: <b> writing </b> participle: <b> written </b> <br />base: <b> yearn </b> +s: <b> yearns </b> past: <b> yearned </b> ing: <b> yearning </b> participle: <b> yearned </b> <br />base: <b> yell </b> +s: <b> yells </b> past: <b> yelled </b> ing: <b> yelling </b> participle: <b> yelled </b> <br />base: <b> yield </b> +s: <b> yields </b> past: <b> yielded </b> ing: <b> yielding </b> participle: <b> yielded </b> <br />base: <b> zap </b> +s: <b> zaps </b> past: <b> zapped </b> ing: <b> zapping </b> participle: <b> zapped </b> <br />base: <b> zigzag </b> +s: <b> zigzags </b> past: <b> zigzagged </b> ing: <b> zigzagging </b> participle: <b> zigzagged </b> <br />base: <b> zip </b> +s: <b> zips </b> past: <b> zipped </b> ing: <b> zipping </b> participle: <b> zipped </b>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-48859727830009390452010-08-09T17:48:00.001+05:302010-08-09T17:50:23.313+05:30Verbs A-L<b>A. English verbs can be divided into two groups based on the number of forms. </b><p> <b>1. Be</b> has <i>eight </i>forms (see Auxiliary Verbs).</p><p> <b>2. All other English verbs</b> have <i>five </i>forms (see the list of common English verbs below).</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>base</b> (sometimes called the <i>simple</i> or <i>bare infinitive</i> form) </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>+s</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>past</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>ing</b> (traditionally called the <i>present participle</i>)</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>participle</b> (traditionally called the <i>past participle</i>)</blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. Functions of the five verb forms</b> (all verbs <i>except </i><b>be</b>):</p><p> <b>1. </b> The <b>base</b> form has functions both <i>with</i> and <i>without</i> tense.</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a.</b> With tense: The <b>base</b> form is the simple present tense form in statements when the subject is <b>I, we, you, they, </b> or <b>any plural</b>.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b.</b> Without tense: The <b>base</b> form is used: </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>1. in simple present and simple past tense verb phrases when the tense is on the auxiliary <b>do</b> (that is, in <b>questions and negatives</b>) no matter what the subject is; </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>2. in verb phrases which contain any of the modal, phrasal modal, or modal-like auxiliaries (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$32"></a>Modal Auxiliaries) no matter what the subject is; </blockquote></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><blockquote>3. with <b>to</b> to make <i>infinitives</i>.</blockquote></blockquote><p> <b>2. </b> The <b>+s</b> form has only one function. It is the present tense form in statements when the subject is <b>he, she, it, </b> or <b>any singular other than I or you</b>.</p><p> <b>3. </b> The <b>past</b> form has only one function. It is the past tense form in statements no matter what the subject is.</p><p> <b>4. </b> The <b>ing</b> form has no tense. It has three functions:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a. </b> It is the main <i>verb </i>in continuous verb phrases.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b. </b> It can be a <i>noun</i>. (It is called a <i>gerund </i>when it functions as a noun.)</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>c. </b> It can be a <i>modifier</i>.</blockquote><p> <b>5. </b> The <b>participle</b> form has no tense. It has two functions:</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>a. </b> It is the main <i>verb</i> in perfect and passive verb phrases.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>b. </b> It can be a <i>modifier</i>.</blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. Below is a list of the five forms of some common English verbs. </b> Also see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$35">Verbs M-Z</a>.</p> base: <b> accept </b> +s: <b> accepts </b> past: <b> accepted </b> ing: <b> accepting </b> participle: <b> accepted </b> <br />base: <b> accuse </b> +s: <b> accuses </b> past: <b> accused </b> ing: <b> accusing </b> participle: <b> accused </b> <br />base: <b> act </b> +s: <b> acts </b> past: <b> acted </b> ing: <b> acting </b> participle: <b> acted </b> <br />base: <b> add </b> +s: <b> adds </b> past: <b> added </b> ing: <b> adding </b> participle: <b> added </b> <br />base: <b> admit </b> +s: <b> admits </b> past: <b> admitted </b> ing: <b> admitting </b> participle: <b> admitted </b> <br />base: <b> advertise </b> +s: <b> advertises </b> past: <b> advertised </b> ing: <b> advertising </b> participle: <b> advertised </b> <br />base: <b> advise </b> +s: <b> advises </b> past: <b> advised </b> ing: <b> advising </b> participle: <b> advised </b> <br />base: <b> affect </b> +s: <b> affects </b> past: <b> affected </b> ing: <b> affecting </b> participle: <b> affected </b> <br />base: <b> afford </b> +s: <b> affords </b> past: <b> afforded </b> ing: <b> affording </b> participle: <b> afforded </b> <br />base: <b> agree </b> +s: <b> agrees </b> past: <b> agreed </b> ing: <b> agreeing </b> participle: <b> agreed </b> <br />base: <b> allow </b> +s: <b> allows </b> past: <b> allowed </b> ing: <b> allowing </b> participle: <b> allowed </b> <br />base: <b> analyze </b> +s: <b> analyzes </b> past: <b> analyzed </b> ing: <b> analyzing </b> participle: <b> analyzed </b> <br />base: <b> announce </b> +s: <b> announces </b> past: <b> announced </b> ing: <b> announcing </b> participle: <b> announced </b> <br />base: <b> answer </b> +s: <b> answers </b> past: <b> answered </b> ing: <b> answering </b> participle: <b> answered </b> <br />base: <b> appear </b> +s: <b> appears </b> past: <b> appeared </b> ing: <b> appearing </b> participle: <b> appeared </b> <br />base: <b> apply </b> +s: <b> applies </b> past: <b> applied </b> ing: <b> applying </b> participle: <b> applied </b> <br />base: <b> appoint </b> +s: <b> appoints </b> past: <b> appointed </b> ing: <b> appointing </b> participle: <b> appointed </b> <br />base: <b> appreciate </b> +s: <b> appreciates </b> past: <b> appreciated </b> ing: <b> appreciating </b> participle: <b> appreciated </b> <br />base: <b> argue </b> +s: <b> argues </b> past: <b> argued </b> ing: <b> arguing </b> participle: <b> argued </b> <br />base: <b> arise </b> +s: <b> arises </b> past: <b> arose </b> ing: <b> arising </b> participle: <b> arisen </b> <br />base: <b> arouse </b> +s: <b> arouses </b> past: <b> aroused </b> ing: <b> arousing </b> participle: <b> aroused </b> <br />base: <b> arrange </b> +s: <b> arranges </b> past: <b> arranged </b> ing: <b> arranging </b> participle: <b> arranged </b> <br />base: <b> arrest </b> +s: <b> arrests </b> past: <b> arrested </b> ing: <b> arresting </b> participle: <b> arrested </b> <br />base: <b> arrive </b> +s: <b> arrives </b> past: <b> arrived </b> ing: <b> arriving </b> participle: <b> arrived </b> <br />base: <b> ask </b> +s: <b> asks </b> past: <b> asked </b> ing: <b> asking </b> participle: <b> asked </b> <br />base: <b> assign </b> +s: <b> assigns </b> past: <b> assigned </b> ing: <b> assigning </b> participle: <b> assigned </b> <br />base: <b> assist </b> +s: <b> assists </b> past: <b> assisted </b> ing: <b> assisting </b> participle: <b> assisted </b> <br />base: <b> attempt </b> +s: <b> attempts </b> past: <b> attempted </b> ing: <b> attempting </b> participle: <b> attempted </b> <br />base: <b> avoid </b> +s: <b> avoids </b> past: <b> avoided </b> ing: <b> avoiding </b> participle: <b> avoided </b> <br />base: <b> bake </b> +s: <b> bakes </b> past: <b> baked </b> ing: <b> baking </b> participle: <b> baked </b> <br />base: <b> bark </b> +s: <b> barks </b> past: <b> barked </b> ing: <b> barking </b> participle: <b> barked </b> <br />base: <b> bear </b> +s: <b> bears </b> past: <b> bore </b> ing: <b> bearing </b> participle: <b> born </b> <br />base: <b> beat </b> +s: <b> beats </b> past: <b> beat </b> ing: <b> beating </b> participle: <b> beaten </b> <br />base: <b> become </b> +s: <b> becomes </b> past: <b> became </b> ing: <b> becoming </b> participle: <b> become </b> <br />base: <b> beg </b> +s: <b> begs </b> past: <b> begged </b> ing: <b> begging </b> participle: <b> begged </b> <br />base: <b> begin </b> +s: <b> begins </b> past: <b> began </b> ing: <b> beginning </b> participle: <b> begun </b> <br />base: <b> bend </b> +s: <b> bends </b> past: <b> bent </b> ing: <b> bending </b> participle: <b> bent </b> <br />base: <b> bet </b> +s: <b> bets </b> past: <b> bet </b> ing: <b> betting </b> participle: <b> bet </b> <br />base: <b> bid </b> +s: <b> bids </b> past: <b> bid </b> ing: <b> bidding </b> participle: <b> bid </b> <br />base: <b> bind </b> +s: <b> binds </b> past: <b> bound </b> ing: <b> binding </b> participle: <b> bound </b> <br />base: <b> bite </b> +s: <b> bites </b> past: <b> bit </b> ing: <b> biting </b> participle: <b> bitten </b> <br />base: <b> bleed </b> +s: <b> bleeds </b> past: <b> bled </b> ing: <b> bleeding </b> participle: <b> bled </b> <br />base: <b> blow </b> +s: <b> blows </b> past: <b> blew </b> ing: <b> blowing </b> participle: <b> blown </b> <br />base: <b> boil </b> +s: <b> boils </b> past: <b> boiled </b> ing: <b> boiling </b> participle: <b> boiled </b> <br />base: <b> bore </b> +s: <b> bores </b> past: <b> bored </b> ing: <b> boring </b> participle: <b> bored </b> <br />base: <b> borrow </b> +s: <b> borrows </b> past: <b> borrowed </b> ing: <b> borrowing </b> participle: <b> borrowed </b> <br />base: <b> bother </b> +s: <b> bothers </b> past: <b> bothered </b> ing: <b> bothering </b> participle: <b> bothered </b> <br />base: <b> bow </b> +s: <b> bows </b> past: <b> bowed </b> ing: <b> bowing </b> participle: <b> bowed </b> <br />base: <b> break </b> +s: <b> breaks </b> past: <b> broke </b> ing: <b> breaking </b> participle: <b> broken </b> <br />base: <b> breathe </b> +s: <b> breathes </b> past: <b> breathed </b> ing: <b> breathing </b> participle: <b> breathed </b> <br />base: <b> breed </b> +s: <b> breeds </b> past: <b> bred </b> ing: <b> breeding </b> participle: <b> bred </b> <br />base: <b> bring </b> +s: <b> brings </b> past: <b> brought </b> ing: <b> bringing </b> participle: <b> brought </b> <br />base: <b> broadcast </b> +s: <b> broadcasts </b> past: <b> broadcast </b> ing: <b> broadcasting </b> participle: <b> broadcast </b> <br />base: <b> brush </b> +s: <b> brushes </b> past: <b> brushed </b> ing: <b> brushing </b> participle: <b> brushed </b> <br />base: <b> build </b> +s: <b> builds </b> past: <b> built </b> ing: <b> building </b> participle: <b> built </b> <br />base: <b> burn </b> +s: <b> burns </b> past: <b> burned </b> ing: <b> burning </b> participle: <b> burned </b> <br />base: <b> burst </b> +s: <b> bursts </b> past: <b> burst </b> ing: <b> bursting </b> participle: <b> burst </b> <br />base: <b> buy </b> +s: <b> buys </b> past: <b> bought </b> ing: <b> buying </b> participle: <b> bought </b> <br />base: <b> calculate </b> +s: <b> calculates </b> past: <b> calculated </b> ing: <b> calculating </b> participle: <b> calculated </b> <br />base: <b> call </b> +s: <b> calls </b> past: <b> called </b> ing: <b> calling </b> participle: <b> called </b> <br />base: <b> care </b> +s: <b> cares </b> past: <b> cared </b> ing: <b> caring </b> participle: <b> cared </b> <br />base: <b> carry </b> +s: <b> carries </b> past: <b> carried </b> ing: <b> carrying </b> participle: <b> carried </b> <br />base: <b> cash </b> +s: <b> cashes </b> past: <b> cashed </b> ing: <b> cashing </b> participle: <b> cashed </b> <br />base: <b> cast </b> +s: <b> casts </b> past: <b> cast </b> ing: <b> casting </b> participle: <b> cast </b> <br />base: <b> catch </b> +s: <b> catches </b> past: <b> caught </b> ing: <b> catching </b> participle: <b> caught </b> <br />base: <b> cater </b> +s: <b> caters </b> past: <b> catered </b> ing: <b> catering </b> participle: <b> catered </b> <br />base: <b> cause </b> +s: <b> causes </b> past: <b> caused </b> ing: <b> causing </b> participle: <b> caused </b> <br />base: <b> change </b> +s: <b> changes </b> past: <b> changed </b> ing: <b> changing </b> participle: <b> changed </b> <br />base: <b> charge </b> +s: <b> charges </b> past: <b> charged </b> ing: <b> charging </b> participle: <b> charged </b> <br />base: <b> chase </b> +s: <b> chases </b> past: <b> chased </b> ing: <b> chasing </b> participle: <b> chased </b> <br />base: <b> chat </b> +s: <b> chats </b> past: <b> chatted </b> ing: <b> chatting </b> participle: <b> chatted </b> <br />base: <b> cheat </b> +s: <b> cheats </b> past: <b> cheated </b> ing: <b> cheating </b> participle: <b> cheated </b> <br />base: <b> chew </b> +s: <b> chews </b> past: <b> chewed </b> ing: <b> chewing </b> participle: <b> chewed </b> <br />base: <b> choose </b> +s: <b> chooses </b> past: <b> chose </b> ing: <b> choosing </b> participle: <b> chosen </b> <br />base: <b> clean </b> +s: <b> cleans </b> past: <b> cleaned </b> ing: <b> cleaning </b> participle: <b> cleaned </b> <br />base: <b> climb </b> +s: <b> climbs </b> past: <b> climbed </b> ing: <b> climbing </b> participle: <b> climbed </b> <br />base: <b> cling </b> +s: <b> clings </b> past: <b> clung </b> ing: <b> clinging </b> participle: <b> clung </b> <br />base: <b> close </b> +s: <b> closes </b> past: <b> closed </b> ing: <b> closing </b> participle: <b> closed </b> <br />base: <b> comb </b> +s: <b> combs </b> past: <b> combed </b> ing: <b> combing </b> participle: <b> combed </b> <br />base: <b> come </b> +s: <b> comes </b> past: <b> came </b> ing: <b> coming </b> participle: <b> come </b> <br />base: <b> command </b> +s: <b> commands </b> past: <b> commanded </b> ing: <b> commanding </b> participle: <b> commanded </b> <br />base: <b> compel </b> +s: <b> compels </b> past: <b> compelled </b> ing: <b> compelling </b> participle: <b> compelled </b> <br />base: <b> confuse </b> +s: <b> confuses </b> past: <b> confused </b> ing: <b> confusing </b> participle: <b> confused </b> <br />base: <b> consent </b> +s: <b> consents </b> past: <b> consented </b> ing: <b> consenting </b> participle: <b> consented </b> <br />base: <b> consider </b> +s: <b> considers </b> past: <b> considered </b> ing: <b> considering </b> participle: <b> considered </b> <br />base: <b> continue </b> +s: <b> continues </b> past: <b> continued </b> ing: <b> continuing </b> participle: <b> continued </b> <br />base: <b> control </b> +s: <b> controls </b> past: <b> controlled </b> ing: <b> controlling </b> participle: <b> controlled </b> <br />base: <b> cook </b> +s: <b> cooks </b> past: <b> cooked </b> ing: <b> cooking </b> participle: <b> cooked </b> <br />base: <b> cost </b> +s: <b> costs </b> past: <b> cost </b> ing: <b> costing </b> participle: <b> cost </b> <br />base: <b> cough </b> +s: <b> coughs </b> past: <b> coughed </b> ing: <b> coughing </b> participle: <b> coughed </b> <br />base: <b> count </b> +s: <b> counts </b> past: <b> counted </b> ing: <b> counting </b> participle: <b> counted </b> <br />base: <b> cower </b> +s: <b> cowers </b> past: <b> cowered </b> ing: <b> cowering </b> participle: <b> cowered </b> <br />base: <b> crash </b> +s: <b> crashes </b> past: <b> crashed </b> ing: <b> crashing </b> participle: <b> crashed </b> <br />base: <b> creep </b> +s: <b> creeps </b> past: <b> crept </b> ing: <b> creeping </b> participle: <b> crept </b> <br />base: <b> cruise </b> +s: <b> cruises </b> past: <b> cruised </b> ing: <b> cruising </b> participle: <b> cruised </b> <br />base: <b> cry </b> +s: <b> cries </b> past: <b> cried </b> ing: <b> crying </b> participle: <b> cried </b> <br />base: <b> cut </b> +s: <b> cuts </b> past: <b> cut </b> ing: <b> cutting </b> participle: <b> cut </b> <br />base: <b> dance </b> +s: <b> dances </b> past: <b> danced </b> ing: <b> dancing </b> participle: <b> danced </b> <br />base: <b> dare </b> +s: <b> dares </b> past: <b> dared </b> ing: <b> daring </b> participle: <b> dared </b> <br />base: <b> date </b> +s: <b> dates </b> past: <b> dated </b> ing: <b> dating </b> participle: <b> dated </b> <br />base: <b> deal </b> +s: <b> deals </b> past: <b> dealt </b> ing: <b> dealing </b> participle: <b> dealt </b> <br />base: <b> decide </b> +s: <b> decides </b> past: <b> decided </b> ing: <b> deciding </b> participle: <b> decided </b> <br />base: <b> declare </b> +s: <b> declares </b> past: <b> declared </b> ing: <b> declaring </b> participle: <b> declared </b> <br />base: <b> defend </b> +s: <b> defends </b> past: <b> defended </b> ing: <b> defending </b> participle: <b> defended </b> <br />base: <b> defer </b> +s: <b> defers </b> past: <b> deferred </b> ing: <b> deferring </b> participle: <b> deferred </b> <br />base: <b> deny </b> +s: <b> denies </b> past: <b> denied </b> ing: <b> denying </b> participle: <b> denied </b> <br />base: <b> depend </b> +s: <b> depends </b> past: <b> depended </b> ing: <b> depending </b> participle: <b> depended </b> <br />base: <b> deposit </b> +s: <b> deposits </b> past: <b> deposited </b> ing: <b> depositing </b> participle: <b> deposited </b> <br />base: <b> describe </b> +s: <b> describes </b> past: <b> described </b> ing: <b> describing </b> participle: <b> described </b> <br />base: <b> deserve </b> +s: <b> deserves </b> past: <b> deserved </b> ing: <b> deserving </b> participle: <b> deserved </b> <br />base: <b> despise </b> +s: <b> despises </b> past: <b> despised </b> ing: <b> despising </b> participle: <b> despised </b> <br />base: <b> deter </b> +s: <b> deters </b> past: <b> deterred </b> ing: <b> deterring </b> participle: <b> deterred </b> <br />base: <b> determine </b> +s: <b> determines </b> past: <b> determined </b> ing: <b> determining </b> participle: <b> determined </b> <br />base: <b> die </b> +s: <b> dies </b> past: <b> died </b> ing: <b> dying </b> participle: <b> died </b> <br />base: <b> dig </b> +s: <b> digs </b> past: <b> dug </b> ing: <b> digging </b> participle: <b> dug </b> <br />base: <b> discover </b> +s: <b> discovers </b> past: <b> discovered </b> ing: <b> discovering </b> participle: <b> discovered </b> <br />base: <b> dislike </b> +s: <b> dislikes </b> past: <b> disliked </b> ing: <b> disliking </b> participle: <b> disliked </b> <br />base: <b> dive </b> +s: <b> dives </b> past: <b> dove </b> ing: <b> diving </b> participle: <b> dived </b> <br />base: <b> divide </b> +s: <b> divides </b> past: <b> divided </b> ing: <b> dividing </b> participle: <b> divided </b> <br />base: <b> do </b> +s: <b> does </b> past: <b> did </b> ing: <b> doing </b> participle: <b> done </b> <br />base: <b> draw </b> +s: <b> draws </b> past: <b> drew </b> ing: <b> drawing </b> participle: <b> drawn </b> <br />base: <b> dream </b> +s: <b> dreams </b> past: <b> dreamed </b> ing: <b> dreaming </b> participle: <b> dreamed </b> <br />base: <b> dress </b> +s: <b> dresses </b> past: <b> dressed </b> ing: <b> dressing </b> participle: <b> dressed </b> <br />base: <b> drink </b> +s: <b> drinks </b> past: <b> drank </b> ing: <b> drinking </b> participle: <b> drunk </b> <br />base: <b> drive </b> +s: <b> drives </b> past: <b> drove </b> ing: <b> driving </b> participle: <b> driven </b> <br />base: <b> dye </b> +s: <b> dyes </b> past: <b> dyed </b> ing: <b> dyeing </b> participle: <b> dyed </b> <br />base: <b> eat </b> +s: <b> eats </b> past: <b> ate </b> ing: <b> eating </b> participle: <b> eaten </b> <br />base: <b> enjoy </b> +s: <b> enjoys </b> past: <b> enjoyed </b> ing: <b> enjoying </b> participle: <b> enjoyed </b> <br />base: <b> enter </b> +s: <b> enters </b> past: <b> entered </b> ing: <b> entering </b> participle: <b> entered </b> <br />base: <b> entertain </b> +s: <b> entertains </b> past: <b> entertained </b> ing: <b> entertaining </b> participle: <b> entertained </b> <br />base: <b> erase </b> +s: <b> erases </b> past: <b> erased </b> ing: <b> erasing </b> participle: <b> erased </b> <br />base: <b> escape </b> +s: <b> escapes </b> past: <b> escaped </b> ing: <b> escaping </b> participle: <b> escaped </b> <br />base: <b> examine </b> +s: <b> examines </b> past: <b> examined </b> ing: <b> examining </b> participle: <b> examined </b> <br />base: <b> excite </b> +s: <b> excites </b> past: <b> excited </b> ing: <b> exciting </b> participle: <b> excited </b> <br />base: <b> exist </b> +s: <b> exists </b> past: <b> existed </b> ing: <b> existing </b> participle: <b> existed </b> <br />base: <b> exit </b> +s: <b> exits </b> past: <b> exited </b> ing: <b> exiting </b> participle: <b> exited </b> <br />base: <b> expect </b> +s: <b> expects </b> past: <b> expected </b> ing: <b> expecting </b> participle: <b> expected </b> <br />base: <b> explain </b> +s: <b> explains </b> past: <b> explained </b> ing: <b> explaining </b> participle: <b> explained </b> <br />base: <b> fail </b> +s: <b> fails </b> past: <b> failed </b> ing: <b> failing </b> participle: <b> failed </b> <br />base: <b> fall </b> +s: <b> falls </b> past: <b> fell </b> ing: <b> falling </b> participle: <b> fallen </b> <br />base: <b> fear </b> +s: <b> fears </b> past: <b> feared </b> ing: <b> fearing </b> participle: <b> feared </b> <br />base: <b> feed </b> +s: <b> feeds </b> past: <b> fed </b> ing: <b> feeding </b> participle: <b> fed </b> <br />base: <b> feel </b> +s: <b> feels </b> past: <b> felt </b> ing: <b> feeling </b> participle: <b> felt </b> <br />base: <b> fight </b> +s: <b> fights </b> past: <b> fought </b> ing: <b> fighting </b> participle: <b> fought </b> <br />base: <b> fill </b> +s: <b> fills </b> past: <b> filled </b> ing: <b> filling </b> participle: <b> filled </b> <br />base: <b> find </b> +s: <b> finds </b> past: <b> found </b> ing: <b> finding </b> participle: <b> found </b> <br />base: <b> finish </b> +s: <b> finishes </b> past: <b> finished </b> ing: <b> finishing </b> participle: <b> finished </b> <br />base: <b> fit </b> +s: <b> fits </b> past: <b> fit </b> ing: <b> fitting </b> participle: <b> fit </b> <br />base: <b> fix </b> +s: <b> fixes </b> past: <b> fixed </b> ing: <b> fixing </b> participle: <b> fixed </b> <br />base: <b> flee </b> +s: <b> flees </b> past: <b> fled </b> ing: <b> fleeing </b> participle: <b> fled </b> <br />base: <b> fling </b> +s: <b> flings </b> past: <b> flung </b> ing: <b> flinging </b> participle: <b> flung </b> <br />base: <b> fly </b> +s: <b> flies </b> past: <b> flew </b> ing: <b> flying </b> participle: <b> flown </b> <br />base: <b> follow </b> +s: <b> follows </b> past: <b> followed </b> ing: <b> following </b> participle: <b> followed </b> <br />base: <b> fool </b> +s: <b> fools </b> past: <b> fooled </b> ing: <b> fooling </b> participle: <b> fooled </b> <br />base: <b> forbid </b> +s: <b> forbids </b> past: <b> forbade </b> ing: <b> forbidding </b> participle: <b> forbidden </b> <br />base: <b> force </b> +s: <b> forces </b> past: <b> forced </b> ing: <b> forcing </b> participle: <b> forced </b> <br />base: <b> forget </b> +s: <b> forgets </b> past: <b> forgot </b> ing: <b> forgetting </b> participle: <b> forgotten </b> <br />base: <b> forgive </b> +s: <b> forgives </b> past: <b> forgave </b> ing: <b> forgiving </b> participle: <b> forgiven </b> <br />base: <b> found </b> +s: <b> founds </b> past: <b> founded </b> ing: <b> founding </b> participle: <b> founded </b> <br />base: <b> freeze </b> +s: <b> freezes </b> past: <b> froze </b> ing: <b> freezing </b> participle: <b> frozen </b> <br />base: <b> frighten </b> +s: <b> frightens </b> past: <b> frightened </b> ing: <b> frightening </b> participle: <b> frightened </b> <br />base: <b> fry </b> +s: <b> fries </b> past: <b> fried </b> ing: <b> frying </b> participle: <b> fried </b> <br />base: <b> get </b> +s: <b> gets </b> past: <b> got </b> ing: <b> getting </b> participle: <b> gotten </b> <br />base: <b> give </b> +s: <b> gives </b> past: <b> gave </b> ing: <b> giving </b> participle: <b> given </b> <br />base: <b> glimmer </b> +s: <b> glimmers </b> past: <b> glimmered </b> ing: <b> glimmering </b> participle: <b> glimmered </b> <br />base: <b> glitter </b> +s: <b> glitters </b> past: <b> glittered </b> ing: <b> glittering </b> participle: <b> glittered </b> <br />base: <b> gnaw </b> +s: <b> gnaws </b> past: <b> gnawed </b> ing: <b> gnawing </b> participle: <b> gnawed </b> <br />base: <b> go </b> +s: <b> goes </b> past: <b> went </b> ing: <b> going </b> participle: <b> gone </b> <br />base: <b> grind </b> +s: <b> grinds </b> past: <b> ground </b> ing: <b> rinding </b> participle: <b> ground </b> <br />base: <b> grow </b> +s: <b> grows </b> past: <b> grew </b> ing: <b> growing </b> participle: <b> grown </b> <br />base: <b> guess </b> +s: <b> guesses </b> past: <b> guessed </b> ing: <b> guessing </b> participle: <b> guessed </b> <br />base: <b> hang </b> +s: <b> hangs </b> past: <b> hanged </b> ing: <b> hanging </b> participle: <b> hanged </b> <br />base: <b> hang </b> +s: <b> hangs </b> past: <b> hung </b> ing: <b> hanging </b> participle: <b> hung </b> <br />base: <b> happen </b> +s: <b> happens </b> past: <b> happened </b> ing: <b> happening </b> participle: <b> happened </b> <br />base: <b> hate </b> +s: <b> hates </b> past: <b> hated </b> ing: <b> hating </b> participle: <b> hated </b> <br />base: <b> have </b> +s: <b> has </b> past: <b> had </b> ing: <b> having </b> participle: <b> had </b> <br />base: <b> hear </b> +s: <b> hears </b> past: <b> heard </b> ing: <b> hearing </b> participle: <b> heard </b> <br />base: <b> heat </b> +s: <b> heats </b> past: <b> heated </b> ing: <b> heating </b> participle: <b> heated </b> <br />base: <b> help </b> +s: <b> helps </b> past: <b> helped </b> ing: <b> helping </b> participle: <b> helped </b> <br />base: <b> hesitate </b> +s: <b> hesitates </b> past: <b> hesitated </b> ing: <b> hesitating </b> participle: <b> hesitated </b> <br />base: <b> hide </b> +s: <b> hides </b> past: <b> hid </b> ing: <b> hiding </b> participle: <b> hidden </b> <br />base: <b> hike </b> +s: <b> hikes </b> past: <b> hiked </b> ing: <b> hiking </b> participle: <b> hiked </b> <br />base: <b> hire </b> +s: <b> hires </b> past: <b> hired </b> ing: <b> hiring </b> participle: <b> hired </b> <br />base: <b> hit </b> +s: <b> hits </b> past: <b> hit </b> ing: <b> hitting </b> participle: <b> hit </b> <br />base: <b> hold </b> +s: <b> holds </b> past: <b> held </b> ing: <b> holding </b> participle: <b> held </b> <br />base: <b> hope </b> +s: <b> hopes </b> past: <b> hoped </b> ing: <b> hoping </b> participle: <b> hoped </b> <br />base: <b> hover </b> +s: <b> hovers </b> past: <b> hovered </b> ing: <b> hovering </b> participle: <b> hovered </b> <br />base: <b> hunt </b> +s: <b> hunts </b> past: <b> hunted </b> ing: <b> hunting </b> participle: <b> hunted </b> <br />base: <b> hurt </b> +s: <b> hurts </b> past: <b> hurt </b> ing: <b> hurting </b> participle: <b> hurt </b> <br />base: <b> imagine </b> +s: <b> imagines </b> past: <b> imagined </b> ing: <b> imagining </b> participle: <b> imagined </b> <br />base: <b> imitate </b> +s: <b> imitates </b> past: <b> imitated </b> ing: <b> imitating </b> participle: <b> imitated </b> <br />base: <b> imply </b> +s: <b> implies </b> past: <b> implied </b> ing: <b> implying </b> participle: <b> implied </b> <br />base: <b> improve </b> +s: <b> improves </b> past: <b> improved </b> ing: <b> improving </b> participle: <b> improved </b> <br />base: <b> infer </b> +s: <b> infers </b> past: <b> inferred </b> ing: <b> inferring </b> participle: <b> inferred </b> <br />base: <b> inform </b> +s: <b> informs </b> past: <b> informed </b> ing: <b> informing </b> participle: <b> informed </b> <br />base: <b> injure </b> +s: <b> injures </b> past: <b> injured </b> ing: <b> injuring </b> participle: <b> injured </b> <br />base: <b> insist </b> +s: <b> insists </b> past: <b> insisted </b> ing: <b> insisting </b> participle: <b> insisted </b> <br />base: <b> instruct </b> +s: <b> instructs </b> past: <b> instructed </b> ing: <b> instructing </b> participle: <b> instructed </b> <br />base: <b> intend </b> +s: <b> intends </b> past: <b> intended </b> ing: <b> intending </b> participle: <b> intended </b> <br />base: <b> introduce </b> +s: <b> introduces </b> past: <b> introduced </b> ing: <b> introducing </b> participle: <b> introduced </b> <br />base: <b> invent </b> +s: <b> invents </b> past: <b> invented </b> ing: <b> inventing </b> participle: <b> invented </b> <br />base: <b> invite </b> +s: <b> invites </b> past: <b> invited </b> ing: <b> inviting </b> participle: <b> invited </b> <br />base: <b> jam </b> +s: <b> jams </b> past: <b> jammed </b> ing: <b> jamming </b> participle: <b> jammed </b> <br />base: <b> jerk </b> +s: <b> jerks </b> past: <b> jerked </b> ing: <b> jerking </b> participle: <b> jerked </b> <br />base: <b> jingle </b> +s: <b> jingles </b> past: <b> jingled </b> ing: <b> jingling </b> participle: <b> jingled </b> <br />base: <b> jog </b> +s: <b> jogs </b> past: <b> jogged </b> ing: <b> jogging </b> participle: <b> jogged </b> <br />base: <b> join </b> +s: <b> joins </b> past: <b> joined </b> ing: <b> joining </b> participle: <b> joined </b> <br />base: <b> joke </b> +s: <b> jokes </b> past: <b> joked </b> ing: <b> joking </b> participle: <b> joked </b> <br />base: <b> jolt </b> +s: <b> jolts </b> past: <b> jolted </b> ing: <b> jolting </b> participle: <b> jolted </b> <br />base: <b> judge </b> +s: <b> judges </b> past: <b> judged </b> ing: <b> judging </b> participle: <b> judged </b> <br />base: <b> juggle </b> +s: <b> juggles </b> past: <b> juggled </b> ing: <b> juggling </b> participle: <b> juggled </b> <br />base: <b> jump </b> +s: <b> jumps </b> past: <b> jumped </b> ing: <b> jumping </b> participle: <b> jumped </b> <br />base: <b> keep </b> +s: <b> keeps </b> past: <b> kept </b> ing: <b> keeping </b> participle: <b> kept </b> <br />base: <b> kill </b> +s: <b> kills </b> past: <b> killed </b> ing: <b> killing </b> participle: <b> killed </b> <br />base: <b> kneel </b> +s: <b> kneels </b> past: <b> knelt </b> ing: <b> kneeling </b> participle: <b> knelt </b> <br />base: <b> knock </b> +s: <b> knocks </b> past: <b> knocked </b> ing: <b> knocking </b> participle: <b> knocked </b> <br />base: <b> know </b> +s: <b> knows </b> past: <b> knew </b> ing: <b> knowing </b> participle: <b> known </b> <br />base: <b> land </b> +s: <b> lands </b> past: <b> landed </b> ing: <b> landing </b> participle: <b> landed </b> <br />base: <b> laugh </b> +s: <b> laughs </b> past: <b> laughed </b> ing: <b> laughing </b> participle: <b> laughed </b> <br />base: <b> lay </b> +s: <b> lays </b> past: <b> laid </b> ing: <b> laying </b> participle: <b> laid </b> <br />base: <b> lead </b> +s: <b> leads </b> past: <b> led </b> ing: <b> leading </b> participle: <b> led </b> <br />base: <b> leap </b> +s: <b> leaps </b> past: <b> leaped </b> ing: <b> leaping </b> participle: <b> leaped </b> <br />base: <b> learn </b> +s: <b> learns </b> past: <b> learned </b> ing: <b> learning </b> participle: <b> learned </b> <br />base: <b> lease </b> +s: <b> leases </b> past: <b> leased </b> ing: <b> leasing </b> participle: <b> leased </b> <br />base: <b> leave </b> +s: <b> leaves </b> past: <b> left </b> ing: <b> leaving </b> participle: <b> left </b> <br />base: <b> lend </b> +s: <b> lends </b> past: <b> lent </b> ing: <b> lending </b> participle: <b> lent </b> <br />base: <b> let </b> +s: <b> lets </b> past: <b> let </b> ing: <b> letting </b> participle: <b> let </b> <br />base: <b> lie </b> +s: <b> lies </b> past: <b> lay </b> ing: <b> lying </b> participle: <b> lain </b> <br />base: <b> lie </b> +s: <b> lies </b> past: <b> lied </b> ing: <b> lying </b> participle: <b> lied </b> <br />base: <b> lift </b> +s: <b> lifts </b> past: <b> lifted </b> ing: <b> lifting </b> participle: <b> lifted </b> <br />base: <b> light </b> +s: <b> lights </b> past: <b> lit </b> ing: <b> lighting </b> participle: <b> lit </b> <br />base: <b> like </b> +s: <b> likes </b> past: <b> liked </b> ing: <b> liking </b> participle: <b> liked </b> <br />base: <b> liquefy </b> +s: <b> liquefies </b> past: <b> liquefied </b> ing: <b> liquefying </b> participle: <b> liquefied </b> <br />base: <b> listen </b> +s: <b> listens </b> past: <b> listened </b> ing: <b> listening </b> participle: <b> listened </b> <br />base: <b> live </b> +s: <b> lives </b> past: <b> lived </b> ing: <b> living </b> participle: <b> lived </b> <br />base: <b> loan </b> +s: <b> loans </b> past: <b> loaned </b> ing: <b> loaning </b> participle: <b> loaned </b> <br />base: <b> look </b> +s: <b> looks </b> past: <b> looked </b> ing: <b> looking </b> participle: <b> looked </b> <br />base: <b> lose </b> +s: <b> loses </b> past: <b> lost </b> ing: <b> losing </b> participle: <b> lost </b> <br />base: <b> love </b> +s: <b> loves </b> past: <b> loved </b> ing: <b> loving </b> participle: <b> loved </b>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-3038217679526764432010-08-09T17:44:00.001+05:302010-08-09T17:46:04.118+05:30Modal AuxiliariesThe modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the following:<p> </p><blockquote>can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, . . . </blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> Modals are always followed by the base form of a verb or auxiliary verb. </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> Modals are always the same form no matter what the subject is. </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> In standard American English, a predicate verb phrase cannot contain more than one modal.</p><p> correct </p><p> </p><blockquote>He will be able to go. </blockquote><p> not correct</p><p> </p><blockquote>* He will can go. </blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> Below are example sentences containing the modal <b>may</b> and the verb <b>go</b>. Notice that the form of the modal does not change. Also notice that the base form of a verb or auxiliary verb always follows the modal.</p><p> </p><blockquote>I may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>You may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>He may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>It may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>We may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>They may go. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>He may have gone. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>They may have gone. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>He may be going. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>They may be going. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>He may have been going. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>They may have been going.</blockquote><p> </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> Modals and related verb phrases add meanings to verbs. Below are some of those meanings:</p><p> <b><u>Ability/Availability</u></b></p><p> future: <b>will be able to</b></p><p> present: <b>can, am/is/are able to</b></p><p> past: <b>could, was/were able to</b></p><p> <b><u>Requests</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>can, could, will, would</b></p><p> <b><u>Permission</u></b></p><p> future: <b>will be allowed to</b></p><p> present/future: <b>may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to</b></p><p> past: <b>could, was/were allowed to</b></p><p> <b><u>Possibility</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>may, might, could</b></p><p> past: <b>may have, might have, could have</b></p><p> <b><u>Impossibility</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>couldn’t, can’t</b></p><p> past: <b>couldn’t have</b></p><p> <b><u>Advisability</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>should, ought to, had better</b></p><p> past: <b>should have, ought to have, had better have</b></p><p> <b><u>Expectation</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>should, ought to</b></p><p> past: <b>should have, ought to have</b></p><p> <b><u>Necessity</u></b></p><p> future: <b>will have to</b></p><p> present/future: <b>must, have to, has to</b></p><p> past: <b>had to</b></p><p> <b><u>Lack of Necessity</u></b></p><p> future: <b>won’t have to</b></p><p> present/future: <b>don’t have to, doesn’t have to</b></p><p> past: <b>didn’t have to</b></p><p> <b><u>Prohibition</u></b></p><p> present/future: <b>must not, may not, cannot</b></p><p> past: <b>could not</b></p><p> <b><u>Logical Deduction (=Probability) </u></b></p><p> present: <b>must, have to, has to</b></p><p> past: <b>must have, have to have, has to have</b></p><p> </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>SOCIAL MODALS</b><br />The choice of modal depends partly on the social situation.</p><p> We often use <b>formal</b> language with <b>strangers</b> (people we don’t know) and <b>superiors</b> (people with some power over us such as our employers, doctors, and teachers).</p><p> We often use <b>informal</b> language with our <b>equals</b> (our friends and family) and <b>subordinates</b> (people we have some power over such as our employees or children).</p><p> <b>General requests</b> (present and/or future):</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>Will</b> you help me? (<b>Informal</b> Are you willing?)<br /><b>Would</b> you help me (<b>Formal</b> Are you willing?)<br /><b>Can</b> you help me? (<b>Informal</b> Are you able?)<br /><b>Could</b> you help me (<b>Formal</b> Are you able?) </blockquote><p> <b>Requests for permission</b> (present and/or future):</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>May</b> I leave the room? (<b>Formal</b>)<br /><b>Might</b> I leave the room? (<b>Formal</b> rarely used)<br /><b>Could</b> I leave the room? (<b>Less formal</b><br /><b>Can</b> I leave the room? (<b>Informal</b>)</blockquote><p> <b>Expressing suggestions, advice, warnings, necessity</b> (present and/or future):<br />The choice of modal depends partly on the <b>urgency</b> of the message or the <b>authority</b> of the speaker/writer or <b>both</b>.</p><p> </p><blockquote><b>Suggestions:</b><br />You <b>could</b> see the doctor.<br /> You <b>might</b> see the doctor.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>Advice:</b><br />You <b>should</b> see the doctor.<br /> You <b>ought</b> to see the doctor. </blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>Warning/strong advice:</b><br />You <b>had better</b> see the doctor.<br /></blockquote> <p> </p><blockquote><b>Strong advice/necessity:</b><br />You <b>have to</b> see the doctor.<br />You <b>have got to</b> see the doctor.<br />You <b>must</b> see the doctor.</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>No choice:</b><br />You <b>will</b> see the doctor. </blockquote> <p> </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>MODALS OF BELIEF (beliefs about <u>present</u> time)</b><br />The choice of modal depends partly on what the speaker or writer believes.</p><p> <b>Someone <u>is</u> knocking at the door.</b></p><p> That <b>could be</b> Fred.<br />That <b>might be</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 50% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>may be</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 60% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>should be</b> Fred.<br />That <b>ought to be</b> Fred.<br /> </p><blockquote>= I’m <b>expecting</b> Fred and I think he’s here.</blockquote><p> That <b>must be</b> Fred.<br />That <b>has to be</b> Fred.<br />That <b>has got to be</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>probably</b> Fred. I have a good reason to believe it is Fred.</blockquote><p> That <b>will be</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= I believe it is Fred. I’m about 99% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>can’t be</b> Mary.<br />That <b>couldn’t be</b> Mary.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>impossible</b>. I’m about 99% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>is</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= I know it’s Fred. I’m 100% sure.</blockquote><p> </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>MODALS OF BELIEF (beliefs about <u>past</u> time)</b><br />The choice of modal depends partly on what the speaker or writer believes.</p><p> <b>Someone <u>was</u> knocking at the door.</b></p><p> That <b>could have been</b> Fred.<br />That <b>might have been</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 50% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>may have been</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 60% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>must have been</b> Fred.<br />That <b>has to have been</b> Fred.<br />That <b>has got to have been</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= It was <b>probably</b> Fred. I have a good reason to believe it was Fred.</blockquote><p> That <b>couldn’t have been</b> Mary.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>impossible</b>. I’m about 99% sure.</blockquote><p> That <b>was</b> Fred.<br /></p><blockquote>= I know it was Fred. I’m 100% sure.</blockquote><p> </p><hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>MODALS OF BELIEF (beliefs about <u>future</u> time)</b> The choice of modal depends partly on what the speaker or writer believes.</p><p> <b>What will the weather be like tomorrow?</b></p><p> It <b>could rain</b> tomorrow.<br />It <b>might rain</b> tomorrow.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 50% sure.</blockquote><p> It <b>may rain</b> tomorrow.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>possible</b>. I’m less than 60% sure.</blockquote><p> It <b>should rain</b> tomorrow.<br />It <b>ought to rain</b> tomorrow.<br /></p><blockquote>= I <b>expect</b> it will rain.</blockquote><p> It <b>will rain</b> tomorrow.<br /></p><blockquote>= I believe it is going to rain. I’m about 99% sure.</blockquote><p> It <b>couldn’t snow</b> tomorrow.<br /></p><blockquote>= It’s <b>impossible</b>. I’m about 99% sure.</blockquote>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-51044027915787678522010-08-09T17:42:00.001+05:302010-08-09T17:46:35.765+05:30Auxiliary VerbsEnglish has three auxiliary verbs: <b>be, do, have</b>. <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>A. <u>Be</u> is used as the auxiliary in <u>continuous</u> tenses and <u>passive</u> voice (in <u>all</u> sentences: affirmative and negative, statements and questions). </b></p><p> Forms without tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>base: <b>be</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>ing: <b>being</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>participle: <b>been</b></blockquote><p> Forms with tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>present: <b>am, is, are</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>past: <b>was, were</b></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>B. <u>Do</u> is used as the auxiliary in <u>simple past</u> and <u>simple present</u> tenses (in <u>questions</u> and <u>negatives</u> only). </b></p><p> Forms without tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>base: <b>do</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>ing: <b>doing</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>participle: <b>done</b></blockquote><p> Forms with tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>present: <b>do, does</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>past: <b>did</b></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>C. <u>Have</u> is used as the auxiliary in <u>perfect</u> tenses (in <u>all</u> sentences: affirmative and negative, statements and questions). </b></p><p> Forms without tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>base: <b>have</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>ing: <b>having</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>participle: <b>had</b></blockquote><p> Forms with tense:</p><p> </p><blockquote>present: <b>have, has</b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>past: <b>had</b></blockquote> <hr width="100%" size="2"><p> <b>D. <u>Be</u>, <u>do</u>, and <u>have</u> are not always auxiliary verbs. They can also be main verbs. <u>Main verbs</u> are underlined in the examples below. </b></p><p> </p><blockquote>She <b><u>is</u></b> a student. <b> (“is” is a verb) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She <b>is <u>studying</u></b> English. <b> (“is” is an auxiliary) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She <b><u>does</u></b> her homework. <b> (“does” is a verb) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She <b>doesn’t <u>enjoy</u></b> homework. <b> (“does” is an auxiliary) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><b>Does</b> she <b><u>get</u></b> good grades? <b> (“Does” is an auxiliary) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She <b><u>has</u></b> a computer. <b> (“has” is a verb) </b></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>She <b>has <u>used</u></b> a computer for three years. <b> (“has” is an auxiliary) </b> </blockquote>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-17003418831439440992010-08-09T17:30:00.003+05:302010-08-09T17:48:01.521+05:30TensesA. Four facts about tense that you should know: <p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Tense and time are not the same. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><span>The word tense refers to the </span><i>forms of verbs</i><span> in certain languages (including English of course, but many languages do not have tense). The word time is far more difficult to define, but we all experience it. Time is what we measure with clocks, watches, and calendars, for example. </span><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Tense and time are related, but it is not a simple (one-to-one) relationship. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>That is, present tense does not always mean present time; past tense does not always mean past time. The following simple present tense sentence does not refer to the present time (unless you happen to be reading this very early in the morning): </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote><blockquote>The sun <u>rises</u> in the east. </blockquote></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>In fact, the relationship between tense and time is quite complex. A past tense verb, for example, can refer to a future time:</blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote><blockquote>If I <u>had</u> an exam tomorrow, I would study tonight. </blockquote></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 3. It is impossible to completely describe the English system of tenses in a few pages. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>English, like all human languages, is extremely complex and almost infinitely flexible. And, as you probably know, nearly every rule about language has many exceptions. Below you will find descriptions of the major English tenses (predicate verb forms). I’ve tried to give you some basic information about the forms and meanings of the twelve traditional tenses. While I believe everything that follows is correct, I know it is not complete. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 4. English has only two true tenses: present & past. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Everything else that is usually referred to as tense is really a combination of tense, aspect (continuous, perfect), and/or modality. I will follow the traditional practice and refer to all of these combinations as tenses. However, if you examine these verb forms carefully, you will see that every one contains either present tense, past tense, or a modal auxiliary. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> B. The twelve traditional tenses: All examples below are <i>active</i>; see Passive Sentences for examples of <i>passive</i> verbs. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb below do not always apply to the verb be; however, they do apply to all other English verbs. See <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$33"></a>Auxiliary Verbs for more information about the verb be.</p><p style="text-align: left;"> See <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18"></a>Conditional Sentences for some unusual uses of tenses. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> See <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$34"></a>Verbs A-L and <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$35"></a>Verbs M-Z for explanations and examples of the five forms of English verbs: BASE, +S, PAST, ING, PARTICIPLE. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> Many teachers and textbooks use progressive instead of continuous; they are the same (continuous = progressive). </p><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Simple Present</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. BASE (if the subject is I, we, you, they, or any plural)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. +S (if the subject is he, she, it, or any singular other than I or you)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Habitual activity</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>study</u> every day. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>The class <u>meets</u> every Tuesday and Thursday. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Present state or condition (stative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below.)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>They <u>seem</u> happy. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>knows</u> we are waiting for him. </blockquote><span> 3. General truth or natural law</span><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Bears <u>live</u> in the forest. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>The sun <u>rises</u> in the east. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 4. Planned or scheduled future events</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>take</u> a final exam at the end of the term. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>The plane <u>leaves</u> at 9:00 AM tomorrow. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 5. Future time in adverb clauses (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$17"></a>Adverb Clauses)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Before we <u>take</u> the final exam, we will have to study. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I will call her after I <u>talk</u> to her friends tomorrow. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 6. In real and predictive conditional sentence (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18"></a>Conditional Sentences) </p><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Simple Past</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: PAST</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Completed past action</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>studied</u> all day yesterday. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I <u>took</u> the exam early this morning. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. In imaginative conditional sentences (see Conditional Sentences<a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18"></a>) </p><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Simple Future</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. WILL + BASE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + BASE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meaning & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Future time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>will have</u> lunch with George tomorrow. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>is going to study</u> in the library after lunch. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Present Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: AM/IS/ARE + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Present time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>are preparing</u> for the final exam. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>George <u>is studying</u> in the library right now. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Planned or scheduled future events</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>are taking</u> a final exam at the end of the term. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>The plane <u>is leaving</u> at 9:00 AM tomorrow. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 3. To emphasize that a state or action is temporary</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Mary <u>is living</u> in California. (She might move soon.) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>George <u>lives</u> in California. (Simple present: no change is implied.) </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Past Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: WAS/WERE + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Emphasizes duration and/or repetition of past action</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>was studying</u> all day yesterday. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>were stopping</u> at every red light. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Past action that began before and continued until or after some other past action or time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>was riding</u> his bike until he got a car. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>She <u>was sleeping</u> when I got home. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>She <u>was sleeping</u> at 2:00 AM. (She went to sleep at 12:00 midnight; she woke up at 8:00 AM.) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 3. Two actions that continued for some time at about the same time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>They <u>were watching</u> TV while he <u>was studying</u>.</blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Future Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. WILL + BE + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + BE + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Emphasizes duration and/or repetition of future action</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>will be working</u> all day tomorrow. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>is going to be cooking</u> dinner every night next week. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Indicates future action that will begin before and continue until or after some other future action or time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>She <u>will be studying</u> until 4:00. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>is going to be working</u> at noon. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Present Perfect</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: HAVE/HAS + PARTICIPLE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> The present perfect indicates that a past action or state has relevance in the present. The following are some possible explanations for present relevance of a past action or state:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Something happened at an unspecified past time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Mary <u>has left</u> school. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> Present perfect cannot be used with a specified past time. If a past time is specified, a past tense must be used. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> not correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>* Mary <u>has left</u> school last year. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Mary <u>left</u> school last year. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. Something happened in the very recent past</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I <u>have</u> just <u>finished</u> my homework. (I finished it a few minutes ago.) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 3. Something happened in the past and it has affected the present</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Thank you for inviting me to lunch, but I <u>have</u> already <u>eaten</u>.</blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Because I ate lunch (past action) a short time ago, I am not eating lunch with you now. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 4. Something happened in the past and it may happen again in the future</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I <u>have visited</u> Los Angeles many times. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>President Kennedy <u>visited</u> Los Angeles many times. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I may visit Los Angeles again in the future, but Kennedy will not because he is dead. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 5. Something began in the past and continues in the present</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We <u>have known</u> each other for many years. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>We met many years ago and we still know each other now. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 6. Something happened in the past but within a present time period</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>My class <u>has had</u> two quizzes this term. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I <u>have felt</u> several earthquakes during my lifetime. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Past Perfect</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: HAD + PARTICIPLE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. Indicates past action was completed before another past action or past time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>had finished</u> the work before she gave him the money. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>had washed</u> both cars by 9:00 AM. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. In imaginative conditional sentences (see <a href="http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18"></a>Conditional Sentences) </p><hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Future Perfect</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. WILL + HAVE + PARTICIPLE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + HAVE + PARTICIPLE</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meaning & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Indicates future action that will be completed before another future action or future time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>They <u>will have read</u> the book before they take the test. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>They <u>will have finished</u> the test by 6:00. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Present Perfect Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meanings & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Indicates a situation that began in the past and continues in the present</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>has been living</u> in California since 1995. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Past Perfect Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Form of the predicate verb: HAD + BEEN + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meaning & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Indicates a past action that continued for some time before some other past action or time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>had been working</u> for two weeks before she paid him. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>By 8:00, they <u>had been watching</u> TV for two hours. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> Future Perfect Continuous (nonstative verbs only; see Stative Verbs below)</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Forms of the predicate verb:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 1. WILL + HAVE + BEEN + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> 2. AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + HAVE + BEEN + ING</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Meaning & examples:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Indicates future action that continues until some other future action or time</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>I <u>will have been driving</u> for three hours before I stop. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>He <u>is going to have been working</u> for two hours by 9:00. </blockquote> <hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%" size="2"><p style="text-align: left;"> C. Stative verbs are not used in continuous tenses</p><p style="text-align: left;"> A stative verb (<i>love</i> for example) refers to a state of knowledge, perception, or condition; a nonstative verb (<i>eat</i>) refers to an action.</p><p style="text-align: left;"> Simple present tense forms of stative verbs are used to mean present time. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Fred <u>loves</u> hamburgers. (stative) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> not correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>* Fred <u>is loving</u> hamburgers. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> Present continuous forms of nonstative verbs are used to mean present time. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> not correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>* Fred <u>eats</u> a hamburger now. </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> correct</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Fred <u>is eating</u> a hamburger now. (nonstative) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> Verbs, like most words, can have two (or more) meanings. Some verbs have both stative and nonstative meanings. Here are some of the more common verbs with both stative and nonstative meanings:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>appear, feel, have, look, see, smell, taste, think, weigh</blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>The food <u>tastes</u> good. (stative; the food is not doing anything) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Fred <u>is tasting</u> the food. (nonstative; Fred is performing an action) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><blockquote>Fred <u>weighs</u> 195 pounds. (stative; Fred is not doing anything) </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> </p>Fred <u>is weighing</u> himself. (nonstative; Fred is performing an action) <blockquote></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> Some common stative verbs:</p><p style="text-align: left;"> verbs indicating possession: belong, have (=possess), own, possess</p><p style="text-align: left;"> verbs indicating mental states: believe, doubt, imagine, know, mean, recognize, remember, suppose, think (=believe), understand, wonder</p><p style="text-align: left;"> verbs related to the senses: appear, feel, hear, look (=appear), see, smell, taste</p><p style="text-align: left;"> verbs referring to emotions: appreciate, desire, dislike, hate, like, love</p><p style="text-align: left;"> other stative verbs: contain, cost, equal, measure, need, owe, prefer, seem, want, weigh</p>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-59146842794353740692010-08-09T17:18:00.000+05:302010-08-09T17:20:08.763+05:30Basic Tenses: Be<h1 style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Basic Tenses: Be</span></h1><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).</p><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The basic structure is:</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><tbody><tr><td><small>positive:</small></td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">subject + auxiliary verb + main verb</span></td></tr><tr><td><small>negative:</small></td><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">subject + auxiliary verb + <i>not</i> + main verb</span></td></tr><tr><td><small>question:</small></td><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">auxiliary verb + subject + main verb</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">But for <span class="c3">simple past</span> and <span class="c3">simple present</span> tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><tbody><tr><td><small>positive:</small></td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">subject + main verb</span></td></tr><tr><td><small>negative:</small></td><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">subject + main verb + <i>not</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><small>question:</small></td><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c2">main verb + subject</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>base</td><td>past simple</td><td>past participle</td><td>present participle</td><td>present simple</td></tr><tr><td>be</td><td>was, were</td><td>been</td><td>being</td><td>am, are, is</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"> </span><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><br /></td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">past</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">present</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">future</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffcc">SIMPLE<br />present simple or past simple<br />(except future: will + be)</td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td><span class="c3">I was</span></td><td><span class="c3">I am</span></td><td>I will be</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td><span class="c3">I was <i>not</i></span></td><td><span class="c3">I am <i>not</i></span></td><td>I will <i>not</i> be</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td><span class="c3">Was I?</span></td><td><span class="c3">Am I?</span></td><td>Will I be?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffcc">SIMPLE PERFECT<br />have + been</td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td>I had been</td><td>I have been</td><td>I will have been</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td>I had <i>not</i> been</td><td>I have <i>not</i> been</td><td>I will <i>not</i> have been</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td>Had I been?</td><td>Have I been?</td><td>Will I have been?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS<br />be + being</td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td>I was being</td><td>I am being</td><td>I will be being</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td>I was <i>not</i> being</td><td>I am <i>not</i> being</td><td>I will <i>not</i> be being</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td>Was I being?</td><td>Am I being?</td><td>Will I be being?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS PERFECT<br />have been + being</td><td align="center"><span>+</span></td><td>I had been being</td><td>I have been being</td><td>I will have been being</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>-</span></td><td>I had <i>not</i> been being</td><td>I have <i>not</i> been being</td><td>I will <i>not</i> have been being</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span>?</span></td><td>Had I been being?</td><td>Have I been being?</td><td>Will I have been being?</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc">SIMPLE</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">past</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">present</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">future</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">singular</td><td>I</td><td>was</td><td>am</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>were</td><td>are</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td>he/she/it</td><td>was</td><td>is</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">plural</td><td>we</td><td>were</td><td>are</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>were</td><td>are</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>were</td><td>are</td><td>will be</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc">PERFECT</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">past</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">present</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">future</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">singular</td><td>I</td><td>had been</td><td>have been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>had been</td><td>have been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td>he/she/it</td><td>had been</td><td>has been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">plural</td><td>we</td><td>had been</td><td>have been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>had been</td><td>have been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>had been</td><td>have been</td><td>will have been</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">past</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">present</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">future</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">singular</td><td>I</td><td>was being</td><td>am being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>were being</td><td>are being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td>he/she/it</td><td>was being</td><td>is being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">plural</td><td>we</td><td>were being</td><td>are being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>were being</td><td>are being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>were being</td><td>are being</td><td>will be being</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS PERFECT</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">past</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">present</td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc">future</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">singular</td><td>I</td><td>had been being</td><td>have been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>had been being</td><td>have been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr><tr><td>he/she/it</td><td>had been being</td><td>has been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">plural</td><td>we</td><td>had been being</td><td>have been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>had been being</td><td>have been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>had been being</td><td>have been being</td><td>will have been being</td></tr></tbody></table>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-420167126536075336.post-43081782354328623772010-08-09T17:12:00.001+05:302010-08-09T17:18:01.645+05:30Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb<h1>Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb</h1><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).</p><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">The basic structure is:</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><tbody><tr><td><small>positive:</small></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">+</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c3">subject + auxiliary verb + main verb</span></td></tr><tr><td><small>negative:</small></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">-</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c3">subject + auxiliary verb + <i>not</i> + main verb</span></td></tr><tr><td><small>question:</small></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">?</span></td><td align="center"><br /></td><td><span class="c3">auxiliary verb + subject + main verb</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>base verb</td><td>past</td><td>past participle</td><td>present participle -ing</td></tr><tr><td><b>sing</b></td><td><b>sang</b></td><td><b>sung</b></td><td><b>singing</b></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc"><br /></td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><b>past</b></td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><b>present</b></td><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><b>future</b></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffcc">SIMPLE<br />do + <b>base verb</b><br />(except future:<br />will + <b>base verb)</b></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">+</span></td><td>I did <b>sing</b><br />I sang</td><td>I do <b>sing</b><br />I sing</td><td>I will <b>sing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">-</span></td><td>I did <i>not</i> <b>sing</b></td><td>I do <i>not</i> <b>sing</b></td><td>I will <i>not</i> <b>sing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">?</span></td><td>Did I <b>sing</b>?</td><td>Do I <b>sing</b>?</td><td>Will I <b>sing</b>?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffcc">SIMPLE PERFECT<br />have + <b>past participle</b></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">+</span></td><td>I had <b>sung</b></td><td>I have <b>sung</b></td><td>I will have <b>sung</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">-</span></td><td>I had <i>not</i> <b>sung</b></td><td>I have <i>not</i> <b>sung</b></td><td>I will <i>not</i> have <b>sung</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">?</span></td><td>Had I <b>sung</b>?</td><td>Have I <b>sung</b>?</td><td>Will I have sung?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS<br />be + <b>-ing</b></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">+</span></td><td>I was <b>singing</b></td><td>I am <b>singing</b></td><td>I will be <b>singing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">-</span></td><td>I was <i>not</i> <b>singing</b></td><td>I am <i>not</i> <b>singing</b></td><td>I will <i>not</i> be <b>singing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">?</span></td><td>Was I <b>singing</b>?</td><td>Am I <b>singing</b>?</td><td>Will I be <b>singing</b>?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffcc">CONTINUOUS PERFECT<br />have been + <b>-ing</b></td><td align="center"><span class="c2">+</span></td><td>I had been <b>singing</b></td><td>I have been <b>singing</b></td><td>I will have been <b>singing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">-</span></td><td>I had <i>not</i> been <b>singing</b></td><td>I have <i>not</i> been <b>singing</b></td><td>I will <i>not</i> have been <b>singing</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="c2">?</span></td><td>Had I been <b>singing</b>?</td><td>Have I been <b>singing</b>?</td><td>Will I have been <b>singing</b>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="300" bgcolor="#ffffcc" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Tips<br /></td></tr><tr><td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>The basic structure of tenses for regular verbs and irregular verbs is exactly the same (except to be). The only difference is that with regular verbs the past and past participle are always the same (worked, worked), while with irregular verbs the past and past participle are not always the same (sang, sung). But the structure is the same! It will help you a great deal to really understand that.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h1><span style="font-size:130%;">Irregular Verbs List</span></h1><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the more common irregular verbs.</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="bottom">V1<br />Base Form</td><td valign="bottom">V2<br />Past Simple</td><td valign="bottom">V3<br /> Past Participle</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">awake</td><td valign="top">awoke</td><td valign="top">awoken</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">be</td><td valign="top">was, were</td><td valign="top">been</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">beat</td><td valign="top">beat</td><td valign="top">beaten</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">become</td><td valign="top">became</td><td valign="top">become</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">begin</td><td valign="top">began</td><td valign="top">begun</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">bend</td><td valign="top">bent</td><td valign="top">bent</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">bet</td><td valign="top">bet</td><td valign="top">bet</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">bid</td><td valign="top">bid</td><td valign="top">bid</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">bite</td><td valign="top">bit</td><td valign="top">bitten</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">blow</td><td valign="top">blew</td><td valign="top">blown</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">break</td><td valign="top">broke</td><td valign="top">broken</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">bring</td><td valign="top">brought</td><td valign="top">brought</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">broadcast</td><td valign="top">broadcast</td><td valign="top">broadcast</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">build</td><td valign="top">built</td><td valign="top">built</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">burn</td><td valign="top">burned/burnt</td><td valign="top">burned/burnt</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">buy</td><td valign="top">bought</td><td valign="top">bought</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">catch</td><td valign="top">caught</td><td valign="top">caught</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">choose</td><td valign="top">chose</td><td valign="top">chosen</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">come</td><td valign="top">came</td><td valign="top">come</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">cost</td><td valign="top">cost</td><td valign="top">cost</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">cut</td><td valign="top">cut</td><td valign="top">cut</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">dig</td><td valign="top">dug</td><td valign="top">dug</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">do</td><td valign="top">did</td><td valign="top">done</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">draw</td><td valign="top">drew</td><td valign="top">drawn</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">dream</td><td valign="top">dreamed/dreamt</td><td valign="top">dreamed/dreamt</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">drive</td><td valign="top">drove</td><td valign="top">driven</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">drink</td><td valign="top">drank</td><td valign="top">drunk</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">eat</td><td valign="top">ate</td><td valign="top">eaten</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">fall</td><td valign="top">fell</td><td valign="top">fallen</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">feel</td><td valign="top">felt</td><td valign="top">felt</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">fight</td><td valign="top">fought</td><td valign="top">fought</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">find</td><td valign="top">found</td><td valign="top">found</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">fly</td><td valign="top">flew</td><td valign="top">flown</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">forget</td><td valign="top">forgot</td><td valign="top">forgotten</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">forgive</td><td valign="top">forgave</td><td valign="top">forgiven</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">freeze</td><td valign="top">froze</td><td valign="top">frozen</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">get</td><td valign="top">got</td><td valign="top">gotten</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">give</td><td valign="top">gave</td><td valign="top">given</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">go</td><td valign="top">went</td><td valign="top">gone</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">grow</td><td valign="top">grew</td><td valign="top">grown</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hang</td><td valign="top">hung</td><td valign="top">hung</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">have</td><td valign="top">had</td><td valign="top">had</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hear</td><td valign="top">heard</td><td valign="top">heard</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hide</td><td valign="top">hid</td><td valign="top">hidden</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hit</td><td valign="top">hit</td><td valign="top">hit</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hold</td><td valign="top">held</td><td valign="top">held</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">hurt</td><td valign="top">hurt</td><td valign="top">hurt</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">keep</td><td valign="top">kept</td><td valign="top">kept</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">know</td><td valign="top">knew</td><td valign="top">known</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">lay</td><td valign="top">laid</td><td valign="top">laid</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">lead</td><td valign="top">led</td><td valign="top">led</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">learn</td><td valign="top">learned/learnt</td><td valign="top">learned/learnt</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">leave</td><td valign="top">left</td><td valign="top">left</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">lend</td><td valign="top">lent</td><td valign="top">lent</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">let</td><td valign="top">let</td><td valign="top">let</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">lie</td><td valign="top">lay</td><td valign="top">lain</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">lose</td><td valign="top">lost</td><td valign="top">lost</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">make</td><td valign="top">made</td><td valign="top">made</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">mean</td><td valign="top">meant</td><td valign="top">meant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">meet</td><td valign="top">met</td><td valign="top">met</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">pay</td><td valign="top">paid</td><td valign="top">paid</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">put</td><td valign="top">put</td><td valign="top">put</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">read</td><td valign="top">read</td><td valign="top">read</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">ride</td><td valign="top">rode</td><td valign="top">ridden</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">ring</td><td valign="top">rang</td><td valign="top">rung</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">rise</td><td valign="top">rose</td><td valign="top">risen</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">run</td><td valign="top">ran</td><td valign="top">run</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">say</td><td valign="top">said</td><td valign="top">said</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">see</td><td valign="top">saw</td><td valign="top">seen</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">sell</td><td valign="top">sold</td><td valign="top">sold</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">send</td><td valign="top">sent</td><td valign="top">sent</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">show</td><td valign="top">showed</td><td valign="top">showed/shown</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">shut</td><td valign="top">shut</td><td valign="top">shut</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">sing</td><td valign="top">sang</td><td valign="top">sung</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">sit</td><td valign="top">sat</td><td valign="top">sat</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">sleep</td><td valign="top">slept</td><td valign="top">slept</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">speak</td><td valign="top">spoke</td><td valign="top">spoken</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">spend</td><td valign="top">spent</td><td valign="top">spent</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">stand</td><td valign="top">stood</td><td valign="top">stood</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">swim</td><td valign="top">swam</td><td valign="top">swum</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">take</td><td valign="top">took</td><td valign="top">taken</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">teach</td><td valign="top">taught</td><td valign="top">taught</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">tear</td><td valign="top">tore</td><td valign="top">torn</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">tell</td><td valign="top">told</td><td valign="top">told</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">think</td><td valign="top">thought</td><td valign="top">thought</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">throw</td><td valign="top">threw</td><td valign="top">thrown</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">understand</td><td valign="top">understood</td><td valign="top">understood</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">wake</td><td valign="top">woke</td><td valign="top">woken</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">wear</td><td valign="top">wore</td><td valign="top">worn</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">win</td><td valign="top">won</td><td valign="top">won</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">write</td><td valign="top">wrote</td><td valign="top">written</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">You may also like to see this list of common regular verbs in English.</p><h1 style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Regular Verbs</span></h1><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">English regular verbs change their form very little (unlike irregular verbs). The past tense and past participle of regular verbs end in -ed, for example:</p><blockquote style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><p>work, worked, worked</p></blockquote><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">But you should note the following points:</p><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example:</p><blockquote style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;"><p>learn, learned, learned<br />learn, learnt, learnt</p></blockquote><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example "to hang":</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>regular</td><td>hang, hanged, hanged</td><td>to kill or die, by dropping with a rope around the neck</td></tr><tr><td>irregular</td><td>hang, hung, hung</td><td>to fix something (for example, a picture) at the top so that the lower part is free</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;">3. The present tense of some regular verbs is the same as the past tense of some irregular verbs:</p><table style="font-weight: bold; font-family: times new roman;" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>regular</td><td>found, founded, founded</td></tr><tr><td>irregular</td><td>find, found, found</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>JIBIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11598738622174426420noreply@blogger.com0